{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3161576350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050341","title":"Subsurface Topographic Modeling Using Geospatial and Data Driven Algorithm","display_name":"Subsurface Topographic Modeling Using Geospatial and Data Driven Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3161576350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050341","mag":"3161576350"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10050341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050341","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/5/341/pdf?version=1621330202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/5/341/pdf?version=1621330202","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031191389","display_name":"Abbas Abbaszadeh Shahri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3832-572X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306291479","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Roudehen Branch","ror":"https://ror.org/00dzmf738","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I1306291479"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Abbaszadeh Shahri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 3973188981, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3832-572X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 3973188981, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306291479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042141908","display_name":"Ali Kheiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-9834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116438","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch","ror":"https://ror.org/022ca9x91","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210116438"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Kheiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 3754198811, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-9834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 3754198811, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116438"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032861423","display_name":"Aliakbar Hamzeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197220011","display_name":"Qazvin Islamic Azad University","ror":"https://ror.org/023kjn321","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I197220011"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aliakbar Hamzeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin 1519534199, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin 1519534199, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197220011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031191389"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306291479"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.6542,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8933512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"5","first_page":"341","last_page":"341"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.7969809770584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.6937009692192078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogeology","display_name":"Hydrogeology","score":0.553736686706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bedrock","display_name":"Bedrock","score":0.5523875951766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geostatistics","display_name":"Geostatistics","score":0.5461696982383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48239123821258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-information-system","display_name":"Geographic information system","score":0.46789371967315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-expression-programming","display_name":"Gene expression programming","score":0.45748084783554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4463752210140228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4402415156364441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.361491322517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32210418581962585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.2686728239059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.24616596102714539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.23158317804336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-variability","display_name":"Spatial variability","score":0.2244878113269806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.2234768271446228}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.7969809770584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.6937009692192078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33556824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179509","display_name":"Hydrogeology","level":2,"score":0.553736686706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137527640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570309","display_name":"Bedrock","level":2,"score":0.5523875951766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125572338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440020","display_name":"Geostatistics","level":3,"score":0.5461696982383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48239123821258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.46789371967315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6980683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5531551","display_name":"Gene expression programming","level":2,"score":0.45748084783554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4463752210140228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4402415156364441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.361491322517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32210418581962585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.2686728239059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.24616596102714539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.23158317804336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.2244878113269806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2234768271446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10050341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050341","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/5/341/pdf?version=1621330202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9ee5e719c2844edba682fe627f9b8fa1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9ee5e719c2844edba682fe627f9b8fa1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 5, p 341 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/5/341/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050341","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 5; Pages: 341","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10050341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050341","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/5/341/pdf?version=1621330202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3161576350.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3161576350.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145122388","https://openalex.org/W178182267","https://openalex.org/W1501347617","https://openalex.org/W1541288193","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1976193075","https://openalex.org/W2013378899","https://openalex.org/W2057669718","https://openalex.org/W2088340438","https://openalex.org/W2129886664","https://openalex.org/W2142568416","https://openalex.org/W2222472454","https://openalex.org/W2233554446","https://openalex.org/W2329467907","https://openalex.org/W2336603232","https://openalex.org/W2341557883","https://openalex.org/W2502886306","https://openalex.org/W2508802656","https://openalex.org/W2604780113","https://openalex.org/W2646662163","https://openalex.org/W2745597721","https://openalex.org/W2775413458","https://openalex.org/W2790229722","https://openalex.org/W2791308795","https://openalex.org/W2792513755","https://openalex.org/W2796469944","https://openalex.org/W2890351024","https://openalex.org/W2897659968","https://openalex.org/W2898642737","https://openalex.org/W2905475367","https://openalex.org/W2913323966","https://openalex.org/W2934379707","https://openalex.org/W2939078651","https://openalex.org/W2963097326","https://openalex.org/W2965379793","https://openalex.org/W2970709330","https://openalex.org/W2972830773","https://openalex.org/W2989894209","https://openalex.org/W2995974842","https://openalex.org/W2996969240","https://openalex.org/W3009370372","https://openalex.org/W3011610667","https://openalex.org/W3019571361","https://openalex.org/W3022773264","https://openalex.org/W3032942418","https://openalex.org/W3038097605","https://openalex.org/W3045278416","https://openalex.org/W3112008092","https://openalex.org/W3114948576","https://openalex.org/W3125708048","https://openalex.org/W3125805184","https://openalex.org/W4235219488","https://openalex.org/W4238278122","https://openalex.org/W6630229783","https://openalex.org/W6653635815","https://openalex.org/W6754573523"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052710480","https://openalex.org/W1527505175","https://openalex.org/W2391160339","https://openalex.org/W1998708953","https://openalex.org/W3016725241","https://openalex.org/W3133739838","https://openalex.org/W2907170560","https://openalex.org/W3145804525","https://openalex.org/W2009500046","https://openalex.org/W2037793448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrastructures":[0],"play":[1],"an":[2],"important":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,60,96],"urbanization":[6],"and":[7,24,52,93,114,123,139],"economic":[8],"activities":[9],"but":[10],"are":[11,27],"vulnerable.":[12],"Due":[13],"to":[14,64],"unavailability":[15],"of":[16,68,76,137],"accurate":[17,111],"subsurface":[18,70,129],"infrastructure":[19],"maps,":[20],"ensuring":[21],"the":[22,31,69,77,104,117,121,127],"sustainability":[23],"resilience":[25],"often":[26],"poorly":[28],"recognized.":[29],"In":[30],"current":[32],"paper":[33],"a":[34,55],"3D":[35],"topographical":[36],"predictive":[37],"model":[38,79,107,131],"using":[39,85],"distributed":[40],"geospatial":[41],"data":[42],"incorporated":[43],"with":[44,80],"evolutionary":[45],"gene":[46],"expression":[47],"programming":[48],"(GEP)":[49],"was":[50],"developed":[51],"applied":[53],"on":[54,135],"concrete-face":[56],"rockfill":[57],"dam":[58],"(CFRD)":[59],"Guilan":[61],"province-":[62],"northern":[63],"generate":[65],"spatial":[66],"variation":[67],"bedrock":[71,130],"topography.":[72],"The":[73,100],"compared":[74],"proficiency":[75],"GEP":[78,106],"geostatistical":[81],"ordinary":[82],"kriging":[83],"(OK)":[84],"different":[86],"analytical":[87],"indexes":[88],"showed":[89],"82.53%":[90],"accuracy":[91],"performance":[92],"9.61%":[94],"improvement":[95],"precisely":[97],"labeled":[98],"data.":[99],"achievements":[101],"imply":[102],"that":[103],"retrieved":[105],"efficiently":[108],"can":[109],"provide":[110],"enough":[112],"prediction":[113],"consequently":[115],"meliorate":[116],"visualization":[118],"insights":[119],"linking":[120],"natural":[122],"engineering":[124],"concerns.":[125],"Accordingly,":[126],"generated":[128],"dedicates":[132],"great":[133],"information":[134],"stability":[136],"structures":[138],"hydrogeological":[140],"properties,":[141],"thus":[142],"adopting":[143],"appropriate":[144],"foundations.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}