{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163575218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050286","title":"Non-Stationary Modeling of Microlevel Road-Curve Crash Frequency with Geographically Weighted Regression","display_name":"Non-Stationary Modeling of Microlevel Road-Curve Crash Frequency with Geographically Weighted Regression","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163575218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050286","mag":"3163575218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10050286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050286","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/5/286/pdf?version=1621583341","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/5/286/pdf?version=1621583341","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031888954","display_name":"Ce Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4431-7811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ce Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4431-7811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386651","display_name":"Shuo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1070-9155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316951451","display_name":"Indiana Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/025j46253","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316951451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Research and Development, Indiana Department of Transportation, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1070-9155","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research and Development, Indiana Department of Transportation, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316951451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043731325","display_name":"Jie Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-9657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-9657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043731325"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.3636,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7894381,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"5","first_page":"286","last_page":"286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/akaike-information-criterion","display_name":"Akaike information criterion","score":0.9044415950775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-binomial-distribution","display_name":"Negative binomial distribution","score":0.8029590249061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.6135940551757812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.6023017168045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.5405849814414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.4658070206642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.439314603805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40810883045196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3216932415962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08451852202415466}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126674687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662573","display_name":"Akaike information criterion","level":2,"score":0.9044415950775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199335787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743364","display_name":"Negative binomial distribution","level":3,"score":0.8029590249061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.6135940551757812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6023017168045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.5405849814414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4658070206642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.439314603805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40810883045196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3216932415962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08451852202415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100906024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692","display_name":"Poisson distribution","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10050286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050286","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/5/286/pdf?version=1621583341","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0fbdc082dadb430297b61b32ef16c2d0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0fbdc082dadb430297b61b32ef16c2d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 5, p 286 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/5/286/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 5; Pages: 286","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10050286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050286","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/5/286/pdf?version=1621583341","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6482929499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SPR-4300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315293","funder_display_name":"Indiana Department of Transportation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","display_name":"Purdue University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315293","display_name":"Indiana Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/025j46253"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332393","display_name":"Federal Highway Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/0473rr271"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3163575218.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3163575218.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582093408","https://openalex.org/W606561187","https://openalex.org/W1552247668","https://openalex.org/W1599043334","https://openalex.org/W1829241487","https://openalex.org/W1950018093","https://openalex.org/W1976903264","https://openalex.org/W1979109499","https://openalex.org/W1980399291","https://openalex.org/W1984689476","https://openalex.org/W2001423991","https://openalex.org/W2018127194","https://openalex.org/W2019192765","https://openalex.org/W2023557221","https://openalex.org/W2027349022","https://openalex.org/W2030559516","https://openalex.org/W2052611179","https://openalex.org/W2054427889","https://openalex.org/W2055316429","https://openalex.org/W2063584172","https://openalex.org/W2071002535","https://openalex.org/W2077500534","https://openalex.org/W2080116736","https://openalex.org/W2117994345","https://openalex.org/W2125063241","https://openalex.org/W2148323323","https://openalex.org/W2160170970","https://openalex.org/W2166291596","https://openalex.org/W2291577505","https://openalex.org/W2317786030","https://openalex.org/W2343811890","https://openalex.org/W2400090017","https://openalex.org/W2407513725","https://openalex.org/W2510544080","https://openalex.org/W2522904071","https://openalex.org/W2577559387","https://openalex.org/W2582122539","https://openalex.org/W2593201274","https://openalex.org/W2664410355","https://openalex.org/W2736967542","https://openalex.org/W2744682245","https://openalex.org/W2753666478","https://openalex.org/W2755794876","https://openalex.org/W2774213098","https://openalex.org/W2786020746","https://openalex.org/W2800078333","https://openalex.org/W2800307786","https://openalex.org/W2800837248","https://openalex.org/W2901615696","https://openalex.org/W2906173725","https://openalex.org/W2910190524","https://openalex.org/W2920825392","https://openalex.org/W2950383934","https://openalex.org/W2982119822","https://openalex.org/W2998979210","https://openalex.org/W3000891956","https://openalex.org/W3084258260","https://openalex.org/W3095305211","https://openalex.org/W4230614295","https://openalex.org/W6645436915","https://openalex.org/W6646717340","https://openalex.org/W6668277090","https://openalex.org/W6704802745","https://openalex.org/W6742616942","https://openalex.org/W6744264369","https://openalex.org/W6751048938","https://openalex.org/W6751178970","https://openalex.org/W6763949319"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987464952","https://openalex.org/W2735932032","https://openalex.org/W2028169157","https://openalex.org/W2172884470","https://openalex.org/W2188061941","https://openalex.org/W2148077962","https://openalex.org/W2030252680","https://openalex.org/W4253044522","https://openalex.org/W2161850932","https://openalex.org/W4366769355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0],"crashes":[1],"on":[2,154],"roads":[3],"are":[4,75,103],"caused":[5],"by":[6,77],"many":[7],"factors.":[8],"However,":[9],"the":[10,48,53,82,130,138,149,155],"influence":[11],"of":[12,38,110,119,125,132],"these":[13],"factors":[14],"is":[15,22],"not":[16],"necessarily":[17],"homogenous":[18],"across":[19],"locations,":[20],"which":[21],"a":[23,108,116,123,170],"challenge":[24],"for":[25,122,173],"non-stationary":[26],"modeling":[27],"approaches.":[28],"To":[29],"address":[30],"this":[31,33],"problem,":[32],"paper":[34],"adopts":[35],"two":[36,78],"types":[37],"methods":[39,98],"allowing":[40],"parameters":[41],"to":[42,168],"fluctuate":[43],"among":[44],"observations,":[45],"that":[46,137],"is,":[47],"random":[49,88],"parameter":[50,89],"approach":[51,140,172],"and":[52,66,87,145],"geographically":[54,160],"weighted":[55,161],"regression":[56,164],"(GWR)":[57],"approach.":[58,152],"With":[59],"road":[60],"curvature,":[61],"curve":[62,113],"length,":[63],"pavement":[64],"friction,":[65],"traffic":[67],"volume":[68],"as":[69,93,95],"independent":[70],"variables,":[71],"vehicle":[72],"crash":[73,176],"frequencies":[74],"modeled":[76],"non-spatial":[79,151],"methods,":[80],"including":[81],"negative":[83,90,162],"binomial":[84,91,163],"(NB)":[85],"model":[86],"(RPNB),":[92],"well":[94],"three":[96,126],"spatial":[97,143],"(GWR":[99],"approach).":[100],"These":[101],"models":[102],"calibrated":[104],"in":[105],"microlevel":[106,175],"using":[107],"dataset":[109],"9415":[111],"horizontal":[112],"segments":[114],"with":[115],"total":[117],"length":[118],"1545":[120],"kilometers":[121],"period":[124],"years":[127],"(2016\u20132018)":[128],"over":[129],"State":[131],"Indiana.":[133],"The":[134],"results":[135],"revealed":[136],"GWR":[139],"can":[141],"capture":[142],"heterogeneity":[144],"therefore":[146],"significantly":[147],"outperforms":[148],"conventional":[150],"Based":[153],"Akaike":[156],"Information":[157],"Criterion":[158],"(AICc),":[159],"(GWNBR)":[165],"was":[166],"proved":[167],"be":[169],"superior":[171],"statewide":[174],"analysis.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
