{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3152035652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040232","title":"Maximizing Impacts of Remote Sensing Surveys in Slope Stability\u2014A Novel Method to Incorporate Discontinuities into Machine Learning Landslide Prediction","display_name":"Maximizing Impacts of Remote Sensing Surveys in Slope Stability\u2014A Novel Method to Incorporate Discontinuities into Machine Learning Landslide Prediction","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3152035652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040232","mag":"3152035652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10040232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040232","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/4/232/pdf?version=1617940925","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/4/232/pdf?version=1617940925","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101873113","display_name":"Lingfeng He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-2071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lingfeng He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Camborne School of Mines, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-2071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Camborne School of Mines, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000502919","display_name":"John Coggan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7234-3588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Coggan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Camborne School of Mines, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7234-3588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Camborne School of Mines, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010517009","display_name":"Mirko Francioni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6358-374X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39387349","display_name":"University of Chieti-Pescara","ror":"https://ror.org/00qjgza05","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirko Francioni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Camborne School of Mines, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK","Department of Engineering and Geology, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6358-374X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Camborne School of Mines, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Geology, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034745100","display_name":"Matthew Eyre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5506-674X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Eyre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Camborne School of Mines, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5506-674X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Camborne School of Mines, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101873113"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":5.7636,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9525407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"232","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landslide","display_name":"Landslide","score":0.8489720821380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classification-of-discontinuities","display_name":"Classification of discontinuities","score":0.7723078727722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discontinuity","display_name":"Discontinuity (linguistics)","score":0.6570565700531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6525517702102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6131256818771362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion-matrix","display_name":"Confusion matrix","score":0.5279110074043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5086454153060913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48785901069641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4767935276031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.4740298092365265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4729986786842346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44949954748153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4118935763835907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3842126727104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32167577743530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24562445282936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.19334495067596436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186295008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167903","display_name":"Landslide","level":2,"score":0.8489720821380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15627037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541961","display_name":"Classification of discontinuities","level":2,"score":0.7723078727722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281658","display_name":"Discontinuity (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6570565700531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6525517702102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6131256818771362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.5279110074043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5086454153060913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48785901069641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4767935276031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.4740298092365265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4729986786842346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44949954748153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4118935763835907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3842126727104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32167577743530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24562445282936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19334495067596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10040232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040232","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/4/232/pdf?version=1617940925","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ad01a09d95744fee956c313c093fb85c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ad01a09d95744fee956c313c093fb85c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 4, p 232 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/4/232/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 4; Pages: 232","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.uniurb.it:11576/2689883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11576/2689883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196377","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research information system (University of Urbino)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190397597","host_organization_name":"University of Urbino","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190397597"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10040232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040232","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/4/232/pdf?version=1617940925","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3152035652.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566087879","https://openalex.org/W941872200","https://openalex.org/W1246633734","https://openalex.org/W1971024845","https://openalex.org/W1973587834","https://openalex.org/W1975924406","https://openalex.org/W1978690828","https://openalex.org/W1983676031","https://openalex.org/W1994214164","https://openalex.org/W1995779944","https://openalex.org/W2022282216","https://openalex.org/W2045714339","https://openalex.org/W2116349097","https://openalex.org/W2150629291","https://openalex.org/W2155261478","https://openalex.org/W2236234032","https://openalex.org/W2355862335","https://openalex.org/W2767301512","https://openalex.org/W2770381172","https://openalex.org/W2783048479","https://openalex.org/W2791665776","https://openalex.org/W2802599564","https://openalex.org/W2891759521","https://openalex.org/W2905155550","https://openalex.org/W2910527463","https://openalex.org/W2911424673","https://openalex.org/W2915483120","https://openalex.org/W2942488098","https://openalex.org/W2943985681","https://openalex.org/W2980376317","https://openalex.org/W2981565695","https://openalex.org/W2984788494","https://openalex.org/W2999729702","https://openalex.org/W3001604145","https://openalex.org/W3003066972","https://openalex.org/W3010924837","https://openalex.org/W3013306393","https://openalex.org/W3014673353","https://openalex.org/W3022926677","https://openalex.org/W3040332201","https://openalex.org/W3091892426","https://openalex.org/W4234292750","https://openalex.org/W4255790530"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2323190011","https://openalex.org/W162062087","https://openalex.org/W3039499377","https://openalex.org/W4241629433","https://openalex.org/W2085032340","https://openalex.org/W2026226327","https://openalex.org/W1989965977","https://openalex.org/W1756153455","https://openalex.org/W2056095867","https://openalex.org/W2232767080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,126,167],"novel":[4],"method":[5],"to":[6,66],"incorporate":[7],"unfavorable":[8],"orientations":[9],"of":[10,36,97,110,119,128,172,181],"discontinuities":[11,182],"into":[12,183],"machine":[13,82],"learning":[14,89],"(ML)":[15],"landslide":[16,55,116,155,188],"prediction":[17,136,189],"by":[18,160],"using":[19],"GIS-based":[20,42],"kinematic":[21,43,48],"analysis.":[22,44],"Discontinuities,":[23],"detected":[24],"from":[25,46],"photogrammetric":[26],"and":[27,87,103,130,138,163,175],"aerial":[28],"LiDAR":[29],"surveys,":[30],"were":[31,58,94],"included":[32],"in":[33,63,133],"the":[34,47,108,115,134,139],"assessment":[35],"potential":[37],"rock":[38],"slope":[39],"instability":[40],"through":[41],"Results":[45,96],"analysis,":[49],"coupled":[50],"with":[51],"several":[52],"commonly":[53],"used":[54],"influencing":[56],"factors,":[57],"adopted":[59],"as":[60,76],"input":[61],"variables":[62,112],"ML":[64,73,184],"models":[65,93,185],"predict":[67],"landslides.":[68],"In":[69,145],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"various":[72],"models,":[74],"such":[75],"random":[77],"forest":[78],"(RF),":[79],"support":[80],"vector":[81],"(SVM),":[83],"multilayer":[84],"perceptron":[85],"(MLP)":[86],"deep":[88],"neural":[90],"network":[91],"(DLNN)":[92],"evaluated.":[95],"two":[98],"validation":[99,174],"methods":[100],"(confusion":[101],"matrix":[102],"ROC":[104],"curve)":[105],"show":[106],"that":[107,157,179],"involvement":[109],"discontinuity-related":[111,164],"significantly":[113],"improved":[114],"predictive":[117],"capability":[118],"these":[120],"four":[121],"models.":[122],"Their":[123],"addition":[124],"demonstrated":[125],"minimum":[127],"6%":[129],"4%":[131],"increase":[132],"overall":[135],"accuracy":[137],"area":[140],"under":[141],"curve":[142],"(AUC),":[143],"respectively.":[144],"addition,":[146],"frequency":[147],"ratio":[148],"(FR)":[149],"analysis":[150,177],"showed":[151],"good":[152],"consistency":[153],"between":[154],"probability":[156],"was":[158],"characterized":[159],"FR":[161,176],"values":[162],"variables,":[165],"indicating":[166],"high":[168],"correlation.":[169],"Both":[170],"results":[171],"model":[173],"highlight":[178],"inclusion":[180],"can":[186],"improve":[187],"accuracy.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2021-04-13T00:00:00"}
