{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137428911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030170","title":"Modified Deep Reinforcement Learning with Efficient Convolution Feature for Small Target Detection in VHR Remote Sensing Imagery","display_name":"Modified Deep Reinforcement Learning with Efficient Convolution Feature for Small Target Detection in VHR Remote Sensing Imagery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137428911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030170","mag":"3137428911"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10030170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030170","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/3/170/pdf?version=1616565208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/3/170/pdf?version=1616565208","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004735889","display_name":"Shuai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-6729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-6729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005155352","display_name":"Jialan Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialan Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004735889"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.1493,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88365881,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"170","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7687952518463135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6832267045974731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6801066398620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.6665260195732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5561606287956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5460935831069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.539131760597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4818666875362396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.47516435384750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.46259254217147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4481656551361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42628055810928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3605479896068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.28044968843460083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7687952518463135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6832267045974731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6801066398620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.6665260195732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5561606287956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5460935831069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.539131760597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4818666875362396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.47516435384750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.46259254217147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4481656551361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42628055810928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3605479896068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.28044968843460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10030170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030170","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/3/170/pdf?version=1616565208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2a1c3d4828164a619ffb136f8a7b5325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2a1c3d4828164a619ffb136f8a7b5325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 3, p 170 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/3/170/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 3; Pages: 170","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10030170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030170","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/3/170/pdf?version=1616565208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2413691100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJJ2018253","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4228412430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61703328","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G600275063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJJ2018254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6729354896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018M631165","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G696234614","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018BSHYDZZ23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326174","funder_display_name":"Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326174","display_name":"Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3137428911.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3137428911.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2179488730","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2567210518","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2577537809","https://openalex.org/W2593804007","https://openalex.org/W2769613401","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2793693263","https://openalex.org/W2799171885","https://openalex.org/W2800388963","https://openalex.org/W2891004411","https://openalex.org/W2900788776","https://openalex.org/W2904483377","https://openalex.org/W2914868659","https://openalex.org/W2925359305","https://openalex.org/W2928007866","https://openalex.org/W2949191055","https://openalex.org/W2951527505","https://openalex.org/W2957667237","https://openalex.org/W2962721361","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2963882470","https://openalex.org/W2969262604","https://openalex.org/W2971865660","https://openalex.org/W2979352690","https://openalex.org/W2988916019","https://openalex.org/W3004605831","https://openalex.org/W3009447447","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3013162535","https://openalex.org/W3013211776","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3086583298","https://openalex.org/W3092185922","https://openalex.org/W3101677789","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6682137061","https://openalex.org/W6747324170","https://openalex.org/W6753179534","https://openalex.org/W6754632766","https://openalex.org/W6767523386"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W2964954556","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2963690996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Small":[0],"object":[1,149],"detection":[2,165],"in":[3],"very-high-resolution":[4],"(VHR)":[5],"optical":[6],"remote":[7],"sensing":[8],"images":[9],"is":[10,28,47,106],"a":[11],"fundamental":[12],"but":[13],"challenaging":[14],"problem":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,92,108,128,162],"the":[18,25,38,51,55,60,84,90,102,109,118,130,146,164,174],"latent":[19],"complexities.":[20],"To":[21],"tackle":[22],"this":[23,122],"problem,":[24],"MdrlEcf":[26,176],"model":[27,123],"proposed":[29,175],"by":[30,49,114],"modifying":[31],"deep":[32],"reinforcement":[33],"learning":[34],"(DRL)":[35],"and":[36,68,97,133,139,151,157,179,182],"extracting":[37],"efficient":[39,44,76,103],"convolution":[40,77],"feature.":[41],"Firstly,":[42],"an":[43],"attention":[45,53,85],"network":[46,86,112],"constructed":[48,113],"introducing":[50],"local":[52],"into":[54],"convolutional":[56],"neural":[57],"network.":[58],"Combining":[59],"shallow":[61],"low-level":[62],"features":[63,70,78,96],"with":[64,71],"rich":[65],"detail":[66],"descriptions":[67],"high-level":[69],"more":[72,126],"semantic":[73],"meanings":[74],"effectively,":[75],"can":[79,87,124,144,177],"be":[80],"obtained.":[81],"By":[82],"this,":[83],"effectively":[88,178],"enhance":[89],"ability":[91],"extract":[93],"small":[94,154,185],"target":[95],"suppressing":[98],"useless":[99],"features.":[100],"Secondly,":[101],"feature":[104],"map":[105],"sent":[107],"region":[110],"proposal":[111],"modified":[115,119],"DRL.":[116],"Using":[117],"reward":[120],"function,":[121],"accumulate":[125],"rewards":[127],"conduct":[129],"search":[131],"process,":[132],"potentially":[134],"generate":[135],"effective":[136],"subsequent":[137],"proposals":[138],"classification":[140],"scores.":[141],"It":[142],"also":[143],"increase":[145],"effectiveness":[147],"of":[148,167],"locations":[150],"classifications":[152],"for":[153],"targets.":[155],"Quantitative":[156],"qualitative":[158],"experiments":[159],"are":[160],"conducted":[161],"verify":[163],"performance":[166],"different":[168],"models.":[169],"The":[170],"results":[171],"show":[172],"that":[173],"accurately":[180],"locate":[181],"identify":[183],"related":[184],"objects.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
