{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120672661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010023","title":"Deep Learning-Based Generation of Building Stock Data from Remote Sensing for Urban Heat Demand Modeling","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based Generation of Building Stock Data from Remote Sensing for Urban Heat Demand Modeling","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120672661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010023","mag":"3120672661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10010023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/1/23/pdf?version=1610435956","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/1/23/pdf?version=1610435956","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050422212","display_name":"Michael Wurm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5967-1894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Wurm","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5967-1894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000132222","display_name":"Ariane Droin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0878-700X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ariane Droin","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany","Institute for Geography and Regional Planning, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 36, 8010 Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geography and Regional Planning, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 36, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010647855","display_name":"Thomas Stark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6166-7541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Stark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80333 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019520142","display_name":"Christian Gei\u00df","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7961-8553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Gei\u00df","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103244613","display_name":"Wolfgang Sulzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6040-2405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Sulzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Geography and Regional Planning, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 36, 8010 Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6040-2405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geography and Regional Planning, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 36, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046449632","display_name":"Hannes Taubenb\u00f6ck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4360-9126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannes Taubenb\u00f6ck","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4360-9126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050422212"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":785,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":846},"fwci":5.7067,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96680902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"23","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stock","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","score":0.5878176093101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.522689700126648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4960530698299408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-model","display_name":"Building model","score":0.4829953908920288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.45942214131355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4590529203414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.4271969497203827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-pump","display_name":"Heat pump","score":0.42380407452583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-modeling","display_name":"Energy modeling","score":0.41167712211608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.38429638743400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering","display_name":"Architectural engineering","score":0.33963894844055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21733558177947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.1964661180973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-exchanger","display_name":"Heat exchanger","score":0.16388195753097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.113893061876297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10573399066925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.09350883960723877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204036174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.5878176093101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.522689700126648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4960530698299408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778530916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352349","display_name":"Building model","level":2,"score":0.4829953908920288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.45942214131355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4590529203414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4271969497203827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131313","display_name":"Heat pump","level":3,"score":0.42380407452583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780331096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24965464","display_name":"Energy modeling","level":3,"score":0.41167712211608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.38429638743400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.33963894844055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21733558177947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.1964661180973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107706546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189124","display_name":"Heat exchanger","level":2,"score":0.16388195753097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.113893061876297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10573399066925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09350883960723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10010023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/1/23/pdf?version=1610435956","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:140304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010023>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ef9ad4baf9234459a5b2545b0d405b61","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ef9ad4baf9234459a5b2545b0d405b61","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 1, p 23 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/1/23/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 1; Pages: 23","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1728703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1728703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10010023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/1/23/pdf?version=1610435956","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2803263083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"O20E-SY 48192 ANSWER-Kommunal","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120672661.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120672661.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142267735","https://openalex.org/W1461568531","https://openalex.org/W1559311850","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1966335944","https://openalex.org/W1996542876","https://openalex.org/W2012838735","https://openalex.org/W2013486252","https://openalex.org/W2021080146","https://openalex.org/W2026723939","https://openalex.org/W2031753400","https://openalex.org/W2044969722","https://openalex.org/W2058152242","https://openalex.org/W2073936917","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2142453803","https://openalex.org/W2164741953","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2183740711","https://openalex.org/W2194582121","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2307620174","https://openalex.org/W2460612167","https://openalex.org/W2464717066","https://openalex.org/W2515244244","https://openalex.org/W2563705555","https://openalex.org/W2578122713","https://openalex.org/W2612214218","https://openalex.org/W2620689612","https://openalex.org/W2744098045","https://openalex.org/W2744997995","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2768636870","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2790741584","https://openalex.org/W2793251141","https://openalex.org/W2891595475","https://openalex.org/W2901180485","https://openalex.org/W2901570812","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2915971115","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2924260171","https://openalex.org/W2931134809","https://openalex.org/W2949605076","https://openalex.org/W2950179405","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963659230","https://openalex.org/W2963911037","https://openalex.org/W2966450079","https://openalex.org/W2969291040","https://openalex.org/W2969550392","https://openalex.org/W2980696542","https://openalex.org/W2982691905","https://openalex.org/W2996140815","https://openalex.org/W2998768810","https://openalex.org/W3024252046"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2752678178","https://openalex.org/W2789313714","https://openalex.org/W4390505534","https://openalex.org/W4367355100","https://openalex.org/W3046701448","https://openalex.org/W2770477597","https://openalex.org/W4306253771","https://openalex.org/W4390399207","https://openalex.org/W4386572406","https://openalex.org/W2949821262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cities":[0],"are":[1,20,105],"responsible":[2],"for":[3,31,63,75,85,98,107,125,164,187],"a":[4,83,95,146,196],"large":[5],"share":[6],"of":[7,14,46,110,130,139,149,151,177,190],"the":[8,15,23,39,43,51,111,173,182,191],"global":[9],"energy":[10,34],"consumption.":[11,35],"A":[12],"third":[13],"total":[16,192],"greenhouse":[17],"gas":[18],"emissions":[19],"related":[21],"to":[22,66],"buildings":[24,71,104],"sector,":[25],"making":[26],"it":[27],"an":[28,136],"important":[29],"target":[30],"reducing":[32],"urban":[33],"Detailed":[36],"data":[37],"on":[38,117],"building":[40,57,88,113],"stock,":[41],"including":[42],"thermal":[44,76,175],"characteristics":[45],"individual":[47],"buildings,":[48],"such":[49],"as":[50],"construction":[52,54,118,121,133,165,168],"type,":[53],"period,":[55],"and":[56,120,132,167,184],"geometries,":[58],"can":[59],"strongly":[60],"support":[61],"decision-making":[62],"local":[64],"authorities":[65],"help":[67],"them":[68],"spatially":[69],"localize":[70],"with":[72,155],"high":[73,147],"potential":[74],"renovations.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79],"paper,":[80],"we":[81,159],"present":[82],"workflow":[84],"deep":[86],"learning-based":[87],"stock":[89],"modeling":[90,109],"using":[91],"aerial":[92],"images":[93],"at":[94],"city":[96],"scale":[97],"heat":[99,114,143,193],"demand":[100,115,194],"modeling.":[101],"The":[102,123,141],"extracted":[103],"used":[106],"bottom-up":[108],"residential":[112],"based":[116],"type":[119],"period.":[122],"results":[124],"DL-building":[126],"extraction":[127],"exhibit":[128],"F1-accuracies":[129],"87%,":[131],"types":[134],"yield":[135],"overall":[137],"accuracy":[138],"96%.":[140],"modeled":[142],"demands":[144],"display":[145],"level":[148],"agreement":[150],"R2":[152],"0.82":[153],"compared":[154],"reference":[156],"data.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"analyze":[160],"various":[161],"refurbishment":[162,198],"scenarios":[163],"periods":[166],"types,":[169],"e.g.,":[170],"revealing":[171],"that":[172],"targeted":[174],"renovation":[176],"multi-family":[178],"houses":[179],"constructed":[180],"between":[181],"1950s":[183],"1970s":[185],"accounts":[186],"about":[188],"47%":[189],"in":[195],"realistic":[197],"scenario.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
