{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2084204541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g4040754","title":"External Pressure on Alliances: What Does the Prisoners\u2019 Dilemma Reveal?","display_name":"External Pressure on Alliances: What Does the Prisoners\u2019 Dilemma Reveal?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2084204541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g4040754","mag":"2084204541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/g4040754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g4040754","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/4/4/754/pdf?version=1386681957","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/4/4/754/pdf?version=1386681957","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102809028","display_name":"Jane M. Binner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3773-6738"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jane Binner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham Business School, University House Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham, B15 2TY, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham Business School, University House Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham, B15 2TY, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111425072","display_name":"Leslie Fletcher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leslie Fletcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044904929","display_name":"Vassili N. Kolokoltsov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6574-4615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vassili Kolokoltsov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Zeeman Building, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Zeeman Building, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022516647","display_name":"Francesco Ciardiello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6304-7979"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Ciardiello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham Business School, University House Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham, B15 2TY, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham Business School, University House Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham, B15 2TY, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102809028"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":303,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":326},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2318774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"754","last_page":"775"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13402","display_name":"Business Strategy and Innovation","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13402","display_name":"Business Strategy and Innovation","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9492999911308289,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alliance","display_name":"Alliance","score":0.937812328338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilemma","display_name":"Dilemma","score":0.8690775632858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.573045015335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisoners-dilemma","display_name":"Prisoner's dilemma","score":0.5713366270065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.5592895746231079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.5287798643112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.4926634430885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4779374897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.4411834478378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.4046574831008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.39950090646743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.20936483144760132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.14942926168441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.06518387794494629}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778431023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878249","display_name":"Alliance","level":2,"score":0.937812328338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.8690775632858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.573045015335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113494165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41693","display_name":"Prisoner's dilemma","level":3,"score":0.5713366270065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.5592895746231079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.5287798643112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4926634430885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4779374897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.4411834478378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4046574831008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.39950090646743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20936483144760132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14942926168441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.06518387794494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/g4040754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g4040754","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/4/4/754/pdf?version=1386681957","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:60389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:4:y:2013:i:4:p:754-775:d:31193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/4/4/754/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aa5145e7ebf045138d10a9aa009cf4ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aa5145e7ebf045138d10a9aa009cf4ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Games, Vol 4, Iss 4, Pp 754-775 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/98487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/98487","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/1a68947f-236c-4f79-95a9-0fc27576fd99","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/external-pressure-on-alliances--what-does-the-prisoners-dilemma-reveal(1a68947f-236c-4f79-95a9-0fc27576fd99).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/1a68947f-236c-4f79-95a9-0fc27576fd99","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/1a68947f-236c-4f79-95a9-0fc27576fd99","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Binner , J , Fletcher , L , Kolokoltsov , V & Ciardiello , F 2013 , ' External pressure on alliances : what does the prisoners\u2019 dilemma reveal? ' , Games , vol. 4 , no. 4 , pp. 754-775 . https://doi.org/10.3390/g4040754","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/g4040754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g4040754","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/4/4/754/pdf?version=1386681957","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2084204541.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2084204541.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125321123","https://openalex.org/W191707943","https://openalex.org/W562440010","https://openalex.org/W1515272378","https://openalex.org/W1531170874","https://openalex.org/W1603296595","https://openalex.org/W1607138544","https://openalex.org/W1925781620","https://openalex.org/W1981236011","https://openalex.org/W1990683834","https://openalex.org/W2021301441","https://openalex.org/W2051055177","https://openalex.org/W2061926481","https://openalex.org/W2080745530","https://openalex.org/W2087960597","https://openalex.org/W2090480429","https://openalex.org/W2097013215","https://openalex.org/W2099552255","https://openalex.org/W2108179055","https://openalex.org/W2109204622","https://openalex.org/W2125532901","https://openalex.org/W2139698638","https://openalex.org/W2144123907","https://openalex.org/W2156036174","https://openalex.org/W2245846484","https://openalex.org/W3124743289","https://openalex.org/W3178501319","https://openalex.org/W4210902813","https://openalex.org/W4234814546","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6605682420","https://openalex.org/W6631967878","https://openalex.org/W6636157662","https://openalex.org/W6690954077"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1829339509","https://openalex.org/W4299530539","https://openalex.org/W3122059234","https://openalex.org/W4387723278","https://openalex.org/W1446198759","https://openalex.org/W3149882248","https://openalex.org/W2289902232","https://openalex.org/W4380049051","https://openalex.org/W2998700864","https://openalex.org/W2972313131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prompted":[0],"by":[1],"a":[2,10,28,33,36,81,125,139],"real-life":[3],"observation":[4],"in":[5,32],"the":[6,25,45,48,51,54,59,63,85,96,102,116,132,150],"UK":[7],"retail":[8],"market,":[9],"two-player":[11,86],"Prisoners\u2019":[12,38,87],"Dilemma":[13],"model":[14],"of":[15,27,35,50,53,152],"an":[16],"alliance":[17,52,60,117,133,153],"between":[18],"two":[19],"firms":[20],"is":[21,118],"adapted":[22],"to":[23,43,79,119,134,146],"include":[24],"response":[26],"rival":[29],"firm,":[30],"resulting":[31],"version":[34],"three-player":[37],"Dilemma.":[39],"We":[40,66,137],"use":[41],"this":[42,121],"analyse":[44],"impact":[46],"on":[47,73,95],"stability":[49],"rival\u2019s":[55],"competition,":[56],"either":[57],"with":[58,62],"or":[61,90],"individual":[64],"partners.":[65],"show":[67],"that,":[68],"while":[69],"strong":[70],"external":[71],"pressure":[72,92],"both":[74],"partners":[75],"can":[76,100,128],"cause":[77,131],"Ally-Ally":[78],"become":[80,135],"Nash":[82],"equilibrium":[83],"for":[84],"Dilemma,":[88],"weak":[89],"asymmetric":[91],"that":[93],"plays":[94],"partners\u2019":[97],"differing":[98],"objectives":[99],"undermine":[101],"alliance.":[103],"As":[104],"well":[105],"as":[106],"providing":[107],"new":[108,140],"insights":[109],"into":[110],"how":[111,124],"allies":[112],"should":[113],"respond":[114],"if":[115],"continue,":[120],"also":[122],"illustrates":[123],"third":[126],"party":[127],"most":[129],"effectively":[130],"unsustainable.":[136],"create":[138],"game":[141],"theoretic":[142],"framework,":[143],"adding":[144],"value":[145],"existing":[147],"theory":[148],"and":[149,155],"practice":[151],"formation":[154],"sustainability.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}