{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406218813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g16010004","title":"High Cost of Survival Promotes the Evolution of Cooperation","display_name":"High Cost of Survival Promotes the Evolution of Cooperation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406218813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g16010004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/g16010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g16010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/16/1/4/pdf?version=1736390667","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/16/1/4/pdf?version=1736390667","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004215570","display_name":"Oleg Smirnov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-910X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oleg Smirnov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004215570"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":4.0896,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89520522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.4457189738750458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.38843679428100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.3448178172111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33028554916381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.32800939679145813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4457189738750458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.38843679428100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3448178172111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33028554916381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.32800939679145813}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/g16010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g16010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/16/1/4/pdf?version=1736390667","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/330118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419/330118","pdf_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/330118/1/games-16-00004.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:16:y:2025:i:1:p:4-:d:1562915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/16/1/4/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b5e18e69605744e79014841b624aaa17","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b5e18e69605744e79014841b624aaa17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Games, Vol 16, Iss 1, p 4 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-4336/16/1/4/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g16010004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/g16010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g16010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/16/1/4/pdf?version=1736390667","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406218813.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406218813.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968620083","https://openalex.org/W1977102456","https://openalex.org/W1977933694","https://openalex.org/W1983355020","https://openalex.org/W1992794698","https://openalex.org/W2009481751","https://openalex.org/W2020827948","https://openalex.org/W2037600727","https://openalex.org/W2040301417","https://openalex.org/W2062414996","https://openalex.org/W2062663664","https://openalex.org/W2065424085","https://openalex.org/W2067899581","https://openalex.org/W2094956512","https://openalex.org/W2098949697","https://openalex.org/W2104093213","https://openalex.org/W2112301586","https://openalex.org/W2115106965","https://openalex.org/W2123880126","https://openalex.org/W2129135549","https://openalex.org/W2157592153","https://openalex.org/W2167030552","https://openalex.org/W2167062553","https://openalex.org/W2170784505","https://openalex.org/W3124088714","https://openalex.org/W3213628335","https://openalex.org/W3217467298","https://openalex.org/W4237542790","https://openalex.org/W4246714063","https://openalex.org/W4387362868","https://openalex.org/W4404525775","https://openalex.org/W4405737567","https://openalex.org/W6635919148","https://openalex.org/W6875313192"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Living":[0],"organisms":[1],"expend":[2],"energy":[3],"to":[4,37,41,51],"sustain":[5],"survival,":[6],"a":[7,26,44,65,88,95],"process":[8],"which":[9],"is":[10,81],"reliant":[11],"on":[12,35],"consuming":[13],"resources\u2014termed":[14],"here":[15],"as":[16],"the":[17,22,77,98,108,114,119,125],"\u201ccost":[18],"of":[19,29,79,91,101,110,116],"survival\u201d.":[20],"In":[21],"Prisoner\u2019s":[23,62],"Dilemma":[24,63],"(PD),":[25],"classic":[27],"model":[28],"social":[30,139],"interaction,":[31],"individual":[32],"payoffs":[33],"depend":[34],"choices":[36],"either":[38],"provide":[39],"benefits":[40],"others":[42,50],"at":[43],"personal":[45,53],"cost":[46,78],"(cooperate)":[47],"or":[48],"exploit":[49],"maximize":[52],"gain":[54],"(defect).":[55],"We":[56,93],"demonstrate":[57],"that":[58,133],"in":[59],"an":[60],"iterated":[61],"(IPD),":[64],"simple":[66],"\u201cAlways":[67],"Cooperate\u201d":[68],"(ALLC)":[69],"strategy":[70],"evolves":[71],"and":[72,123],"remains":[73],"evolutionarily":[74],"stable":[75],"when":[76],"survival":[80,135],"sufficiently":[82],"high,":[83],"meaning":[84],"exploited":[85],"cooperators":[86],"have":[87],"low":[89],"probability":[90],"survival.":[92],"derive":[94],"rule":[96],"for":[97,127,143],"evolutionary":[99],"stability":[100],"cooperation,":[102,112],"x/z":[103],">T/R,":[104],"where":[105],"x":[106],"represents":[107],"duration":[109,115],"mutual":[111,128],"z":[113],"exploitation,":[117],"T":[118],"defector\u2019s":[120],"free-riding":[121],"payoff,":[122],"R":[124],"payoff":[126],"cooperation.":[129],"This":[130],"finding":[131],"suggests":[132],"higher":[134],"costs":[136],"can":[137],"enhance":[138],"welfare":[140],"by":[141],"selecting":[142],"cooperative":[144],"strategies.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}