{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390347244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g15010001","title":"Testing Game Theory of Mind Models for Artificial Intelligence","display_name":"Testing Game Theory of Mind Models for Artificial Intelligence","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390347244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g15010001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/g15010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g15010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/15/1/1/pdf?version=1703757696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/15/1/1/pdf?version=1703757696","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001069613","display_name":"Michael Harr\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2199-2515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Harr\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2199-2515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093603643","display_name":"Husam El-Tarifi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800535057","display_name":"IP Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/014vqg108","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800535057","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Husam El-Tarifi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Sydney 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Sydney 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800535057"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001069613"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21829254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7028183341026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6786768436431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.5670506358146667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5458838939666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-power","display_name":"Predictive power","score":0.5181318521499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","score":0.5141658782958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4477607011795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4430468678474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43468695878982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-mind","display_name":"Theory of mind","score":0.4131765365600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.20495426654815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.13618230819702148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.12587183713912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12448394298553467}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7028183341026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6786768436431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.5670506358146667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5458838939666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.5181318521499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.5141658782958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4477607011795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4430468678474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43468695878982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779560602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639219","display_name":"Theory of mind","level":3,"score":0.4131765365600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20495426654815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.13618230819702148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.12587183713912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12448394298553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/g15010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g15010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/15/1/1/pdf?version=1703757696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/330070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419/330070","pdf_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/330070/1/games-15-00001.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:15:y:2023:i:1:p:1-:d:1309264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/15/1/1/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:48c099c8da7c47f2959d19036d39747e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/48c099c8da7c47f2959d19036d39747e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Games, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 1 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-4336/15/1/1/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g15010001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/g15010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g15010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/15/1/1/pdf?version=1703757696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390347244.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590693676","https://openalex.org/W1968460730","https://openalex.org/W1982239148","https://openalex.org/W2003978708","https://openalex.org/W2027959663","https://openalex.org/W2120220258","https://openalex.org/W2127978988","https://openalex.org/W2170633032","https://openalex.org/W2189985486","https://openalex.org/W2405078641","https://openalex.org/W2460180473","https://openalex.org/W2611112066","https://openalex.org/W2764342529","https://openalex.org/W2913781869","https://openalex.org/W2967938166","https://openalex.org/W2972500564","https://openalex.org/W2994826077","https://openalex.org/W3015342956","https://openalex.org/W3022808291","https://openalex.org/W3032815891","https://openalex.org/W3125701389","https://openalex.org/W3127571002","https://openalex.org/W3135692815","https://openalex.org/W3167884978","https://openalex.org/W4200083735","https://openalex.org/W4224566676","https://openalex.org/W4283267980","https://openalex.org/W4297075189","https://openalex.org/W4308294084","https://openalex.org/W4309663019","https://openalex.org/W4317609215","https://openalex.org/W4387363768","https://openalex.org/W4388077999","https://openalex.org/W6857293858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2306095112","https://openalex.org/W4309606887","https://openalex.org/W2368550132","https://openalex.org/W2062195135","https://openalex.org/W3174121650","https://openalex.org/W2076351294","https://openalex.org/W2950446096","https://openalex.org/W2374232348","https://openalex.org/W1971731688","https://openalex.org/W2590487277"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,40,108,148,151,159],"relative":[6],"performance":[7,60],"of":[8,15,27,43,49,88,95,98,134,145,153,162],"artificial":[9,21],"neural":[10],"networks":[11],"and":[12,73,125,164,178,181,188],"structural":[13,86],"models":[14,23,121,144],"decision":[16,90],"theory":[17,69],"by":[18],"training":[19,72],"69":[20],"intelligence":[22],"on":[24],"a":[25,47,62,92,138],"dataset":[26],"7080":[28],"human":[29,67],"decisions":[30],"in":[31,54,115],"extensive":[32],"form":[33],"games.":[34],"The":[35],"objective":[36],"is":[37,137],"to":[38,56,129],"compare":[39],"predictive":[41],"power":[42],"AIs":[44,82],"that":[45,102,118,126],"use":[46,66,84],"representation":[48],"another":[50,135],"agent\u2019s":[51],"decision-making":[52],"process":[53],"order":[55],"improve":[57],"their":[58],"own":[59],"during":[61],"strategic":[63],"interaction.":[64],"We":[65,100],"game":[68],"data":[70],"for":[71,79,111,150,156,170],"testing.":[74],"Our":[75],"findings":[76],"hold":[77],"implications":[78],"understanding":[80],"how":[81],"can":[83],"constrained":[85],"representations":[87,133],"other":[89],"makers,":[91],"crucial":[93],"aspect":[94],"our":[96,116],"\u2018Theory":[97],"Mind\u2019.":[99],"show":[101],"key":[103],"psychological":[104],"features,":[105],"such":[106,172],"as":[107,173],"Weber\u2013Fechner":[109],"law":[110],"economics,":[112],"are":[113,122],"evident":[114],"tests,":[117],"simple":[119],"linear":[120],"highly":[123],"robust,":[124],"being":[127],"able":[128],"switch":[130],"between":[131,186],"different":[132,143],"agent":[136],"very":[139],"effective":[140],"strategy.":[141],"Testing":[142],"AI-ToM":[146],"paves":[147],"way":[149],"development":[152],"learnable":[154],"abstractions":[155],"reasoning":[157],"about":[158],"mental":[160],"states":[161],"\u2018self\u2019":[163],"\u2018other\u2019,":[165],"thereby":[166],"providing":[167],"further":[168],"insights":[169],"fields":[171],"social":[174],"robotics,":[175],"virtual":[176],"assistants,":[177],"autonomous":[179],"vehicles,":[180],"fostering":[182],"more":[183],"natural":[184],"interactions":[185],"people":[187],"machines.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}