{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034168016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g11020024","title":"The Refugee Game: The Relationship between Individual Security Expenditures and Collective Security","display_name":"The Refugee Game: The Relationship between Individual Security Expenditures and Collective Security","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034168016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g11020024","mag":"3034168016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/g11020024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g11020024","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/11/2/24/pdf?version=1591259281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/11/2/24/pdf?version=1591259281","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687174","display_name":"Jo\ufffd\u00e3o Ricardo Faria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6484-3566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Ricardo Faria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111888596","display_name":"Andr\u00e9as Novak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102248843","display_name":"Vienna University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn8s215","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129774422","display_name":"University of Vienna","ror":"https://ror.org/03prydq77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Novak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Decisions and Analytics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna,   Austria","Department of Business Decisions and Analytics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Decisions and Analytics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna,   Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Decisions and Analytics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060196173","display_name":"Aniruddha Bagchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7553-4053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aniruddha Bagchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Finance, and Quantitative Analysis, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7553-4053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Finance, and Quantitative Analysis, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069553664","display_name":"Timothy Mathews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1204-8365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Mathews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Finance, and Quantitative Analysis, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1204-8365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Finance, and Quantitative Analysis, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069553664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.3507,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71783298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"24","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorism","display_name":"Terrorism","score":0.8539226651191711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugee","display_name":"Refugee","score":0.5951899886131287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.4880158007144928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-game","display_name":"Differential game","score":0.45429080724716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.4274914860725403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.4233721196651459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3965863585472107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33128198981285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2304108738899231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.15716135501861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1433580219745636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08646261692047119}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.8539226651191711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.5951899886131287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.4880158007144928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779006483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1973196","display_name":"Differential game","level":2,"score":0.45429080724716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.4274914860725403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.4233721196651459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3965863585472107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33128198981285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2304108738899231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.15716135501861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1433580219745636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08646261692047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/g11020024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g11020024","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/11/2/24/pdf?version=1591259281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu:facpubs-5796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/4648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196456","display_name":"DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","host_organization_name":"Kennesaw State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Articles","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu:facpubs-6973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/5809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402216","display_name":"DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","host_organization_name":"Kennesaw State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:11:y:2020:i:2:p:24-:d:367110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/11/2/24/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3216562c43cd4068a1ea5a9cfb4a7905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3216562c43cd4068a1ea5a9cfb4a7905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Games, Vol 11, Iss 2, p 24 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/257442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/257442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-4336/11/2/24/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g11020024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/g11020024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g11020024","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/11/2/24/pdf?version=1591259281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034168016.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W946011142","https://openalex.org/W1238902226","https://openalex.org/W1581718563","https://openalex.org/W1608382992","https://openalex.org/W1964403371","https://openalex.org/W1969482852","https://openalex.org/W1973977385","https://openalex.org/W1981395483","https://openalex.org/W1993409081","https://openalex.org/W1996345302","https://openalex.org/W1999080347","https://openalex.org/W2008599098","https://openalex.org/W2009864935","https://openalex.org/W2010631303","https://openalex.org/W2043185760","https://openalex.org/W2059107538","https://openalex.org/W2061448330","https://openalex.org/W2062093040","https://openalex.org/W2068307391","https://openalex.org/W2073467817","https://openalex.org/W2075988797","https://openalex.org/W2084324572","https://openalex.org/W2093471135","https://openalex.org/W2104225232","https://openalex.org/W2106943724","https://openalex.org/W2111373931","https://openalex.org/W2127199945","https://openalex.org/W2132619907","https://openalex.org/W2135417781","https://openalex.org/W2145488574","https://openalex.org/W2147006340","https://openalex.org/W2157755839","https://openalex.org/W2159902628","https://openalex.org/W2291069823","https://openalex.org/W2336764574","https://openalex.org/W2470242134","https://openalex.org/W2565022320","https://openalex.org/W2750979529","https://openalex.org/W2912857209","https://openalex.org/W2948565504","https://openalex.org/W3121166869","https://openalex.org/W3122039293","https://openalex.org/W3122074090","https://openalex.org/W4246880364","https://openalex.org/W6819792498"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312141693","https://openalex.org/W4283371013","https://openalex.org/W1536009559","https://openalex.org/W1969185016","https://openalex.org/W2103821767","https://openalex.org/W2111030377","https://openalex.org/W2037619003","https://openalex.org/W2601906167","https://openalex.org/W3144554261","https://openalex.org/W2801573479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,113],"paper":[1],"studies":[2],"a":[3,10,13,17,89,99,124],"three":[4],"player":[5],"hierarchical":[6],"differential":[7],"game":[8],"(with":[9],"large":[11,84,97,126],"country,":[12,15,85,98,108],"small":[14,107],"and":[16,49,62,109,130,137],"terrorist":[18,64,111,153],"organization),":[19],"to":[20,40],"analyze":[21],"the":[22,36,63,68,76,96,106,134,138,156,164,169],"actual":[23],"European":[24],"refugee":[25],"situation.":[26],"Terrorists":[27],"may":[28],"enter":[29],"Europe":[30],"as":[31],"refugees,":[32],"taking":[33],"advantage":[34],"of":[35,92,102],"Open":[37],"Door":[38],"Policy,":[39],"attack":[41],"both":[42],"countries.":[43],"There":[44],"are":[45,53],"two":[46],"scenarios:":[47],"myopia":[48],"full":[50,86,120,170],"awareness.":[51],"Countries":[52],"myopic":[54,139,157,165],"when":[55],"they":[56],"ignore":[57],"each":[58],"other\u2019s":[59],"security":[60,71,93,103],"efforts,":[61],"group":[65],"only":[66],"considers":[67],"weakest":[69],"link\u2019s":[70],"efforts.":[72],"A":[73],"comparison":[74],"between":[75,133],"scenarios":[77],"shows":[78],"that":[79],"for":[80,95,105],"an":[81,116],"extremely":[82],"impatient":[83],"awareness":[87,121,171],"yields":[88,143],"greater":[90,100],"level":[91,101],"effort":[94,104],"more":[110,152],"attacks.":[112],"is,":[114],"however,":[115],"unstable":[117],"equilibrium.":[118],"The":[119],"model":[122,136,166],"with":[123],"patient":[125],"country":[127],"is":[128,161],"stable":[129],"lies":[131],"in":[132,146,151,163,168],"previous":[135],"model.":[140,158,172],"Although":[141],"it":[142],"larger":[144],"investments":[145],"security,":[147],"this":[148],"still":[149],"results":[150],"attacks":[154],"than":[155,167],"Continental":[159],"safety":[160],"higher":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
