{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133214014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18030130","title":"An Edge\u2013Fog\u2013Cloud IoT Framework for Real-Time Cardiac Monitoring and Rapid Clinical Alerts in Hospital Wards","display_name":"An Edge\u2013Fog\u2013Cloud IoT Framework for Real-Time Cardiac Monitoring and Rapid Clinical Alerts in Hospital Wards","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133214014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18030130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18030130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18030130","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/3/130/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/3/130/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127855102","display_name":"Tehseen Baig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99165933","display_name":"University of Gujrat","ror":"https://ror.org/01xe5fb92","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tehseen Baig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088023681","display_name":"Nauman Riaz Chaudhry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4252-8375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99165933","display_name":"University of Gujrat","ror":"https://ror.org/01xe5fb92","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nauman Riaz Chaudhry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4252-8375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127812730","display_name":"Reema Choudhary","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99165933","display_name":"University of Gujrat","ror":"https://ror.org/01xe5fb92","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reema Choudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2576-0909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121634732","display_name":"Pankaj Yadav","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130378","display_name":"Tech Mahindra (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02p87ey03","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336379959","https://openalex.org/I4210130378"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pankaj Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tech Mahindra Limited, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tech Mahindra Limited, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107022991","display_name":"Younus Ahamad Shaik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159365519","display_name":"Megatrend University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ffca462","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159365519"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younus Ahamad Shaik","raw_affiliation_strings":["American Megatrends Inc., Duluth, GA 30097, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American Megatrends Inc., Duluth, GA 30097, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159365519"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104197687","display_name":"Ayesha Rashid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99165933","display_name":"University of Gujrat","ror":"https://ror.org/01xe5fb92","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayesha Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127855102"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43380617,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"130","last_page":"130"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.4514999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.4514999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.21950000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.21359999477863312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triage","display_name":"Triage","score":0.5253000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4876999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.47780001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vital-signs","display_name":"Vital signs","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.352400004863739}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8414999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5435000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.5253000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4876999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.47780001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776890885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067560","display_name":"Vital signs","level":2,"score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175079658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312165","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779019669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203946","display_name":"Asynchrony (computer programming)","level":3,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110593043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7300787","display_name":"Real-time data","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986737936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Time synchronization","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776902269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165493","display_name":"Continuous monitoring","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18030130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18030130","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/3/130/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ffb61ed28fa94d309d46d8a72c3d6dc0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ffb61ed28fa94d309d46d8a72c3d6dc0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 18, Iss 3, p 130 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18030130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18030130","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/3/130/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133214014.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133214014.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982392960","https://openalex.org/W2131326097","https://openalex.org/W2341741512","https://openalex.org/W2586923239","https://openalex.org/W2599350803","https://openalex.org/W2774269717","https://openalex.org/W2782596054","https://openalex.org/W2789636963","https://openalex.org/W2801025552","https://openalex.org/W2808064527","https://openalex.org/W2888605280","https://openalex.org/W2900623063","https://openalex.org/W2940867829","https://openalex.org/W2947173902","https://openalex.org/W2952649530","https://openalex.org/W2956552064","https://openalex.org/W2970930856","https://openalex.org/W2974611609","https://openalex.org/W2975540503","https://openalex.org/W3014307922","https://openalex.org/W3025352604","https://openalex.org/W3184205531","https://openalex.org/W3186830123","https://openalex.org/W3201016655","https://openalex.org/W3208166579","https://openalex.org/W4210937888","https://openalex.org/W4286587182","https://openalex.org/W4304588828","https://openalex.org/W4319297891","https://openalex.org/W4367841532","https://openalex.org/W4375949972","https://openalex.org/W4392285914","https://openalex.org/W4392405463","https://openalex.org/W4399740531","https://openalex.org/W4400011913","https://openalex.org/W4402325381","https://openalex.org/W4405389775","https://openalex.org/W4406671841","https://openalex.org/W4408277880","https://openalex.org/W4410629038","https://openalex.org/W4412803637","https://openalex.org/W4413139365","https://openalex.org/W4413358908","https://openalex.org/W4414984691","https://openalex.org/W7119488618"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,123,174],"difficulties":[1],"of":[2,15,37,50,64,103,144,207,228,247],"continuously":[3],"monitoring":[4],"cardiac":[5],"patients":[6,51],"in":[7,52,212,262,272],"general":[8],"hospital":[9,264],"wards":[10,214],"are":[11,98,116,163,198],"still":[12],"present":[13],"because":[14],"the":[16,21,47,57,62,114,142,202,217,222],"manual":[17],"charting":[18],"system":[19,41],"and":[20,34,45,60,80,93,100,110,134,169,179,194,210,231,266],"slow":[22],"clinical":[23,65,151],"reaction":[24],"to":[25,42,55,83,113,137,200,244],"worsening":[26],"physiological":[27,72,104,161],"state.":[28],"This":[29],"paper":[30],"outlines":[31],"an":[32,84,245],"edge-":[33],"fog-based":[35,268],"Internet":[36],"Things":[38],"(IoT)":[39],"healthcare":[40,275],"acquire,":[43],"process,":[44],"prioritize":[46],"vital":[48],"signs":[49],"real":[53,213],"time":[54,63,240],"minimize":[56],"alert":[58],"latency":[59],"increase":[61],"interventions.":[66],"Wearable":[67],"12-lead":[68],"ECG":[69,96,203,225],"sensors":[70],"transmit":[71],"measurements,":[73],"such":[74,183],"as":[75,184],"heart":[76],"rate,":[77],"blood":[78],"pressure,":[79],"oxygen":[81],"saturation,":[82],"intelligent":[85],"edge":[86],"service,":[87],"where":[88],"preprocessing,":[89],"triage":[90],"by":[91,119,157,241],"threshold,":[92],"machine":[94],"learning":[95],"classification":[97,226],"performed,":[99],"selective":[101],"synchronization":[102],"data":[105,111,146],"with":[106,141],"a":[107,120,127,170],"cloud":[108],"backend":[109],"delivery":[112],"clinician":[115],"made":[117],"possible":[118,224],"mobile":[121,233],"application.":[122],"proposed":[124],"architecture":[125],"combines":[126],"ribbon-like":[128],"streaming":[129],"scheme,":[130],"Flask-based":[131],"gateway":[132],"services,":[133],"Firebase":[135],"Firestore":[136],"coordinate":[138],"scalable":[139],"mob/cloud":[140],"help":[143],"multi-client":[145],"dissemination.":[147],"To":[148],"encompass":[149],"borderline":[150],"deterioration,":[152],"which":[153],"is":[154,270],"often":[155],"unnoticed":[156],"conventional":[158],"threshold":[159],"systems,":[160],"parameters":[162],"classified":[164],"into":[165],"normal,":[166],"alarming,":[167],"emergency,":[168],"new":[171],"state,":[172],"average.":[173],"Pan\u2013Tompkins++":[175],"peak":[176],"detector":[177],"algorithm":[178],"multiple":[180],"edge-resident":[181],"classifiers,":[182],"random":[185],"forest,":[186],"XGBoost,":[187],"decision":[188],"tree,":[189],"naive":[190],"Bayes,":[191],"K-nearest":[192],"neighbor,":[193],"support":[195],"vector":[196],"machine,":[197],"used":[199],"analyze":[201],"waveforms.":[204],"Experimental":[205],"analysis":[206],"PhysioNet":[208],"datasets":[209],"tests":[211],"prove":[215],"that":[216,255,267],"ensemble":[218],"models":[219],"can":[220,235,259],"reach":[221],"highest":[223],"precision":[227],"91.96":[229],"percent":[230],"snapshot-driven":[232],"alerts":[234],"decrease":[236],"routine":[237],"patient":[238],"evaluation":[239],"several":[242],"minutes,":[243],"average":[246],"15.23":[248],"\u00b1":[249],"2.71":[250],"s.":[251],"These":[252],"results":[253],"suggest":[254],"edge-centric":[256],"IoT":[257],"systems":[258],"be":[260],"appropriate":[261],"latency-critical":[263],"settings":[265],"coordination":[269],"useful":[271],"next-generation":[273],"smart":[274],"systems.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-30T09:15:22.047038","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}