{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124724195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010054","title":"An Unsupervised Cloud-Centric Intrusion Diagnosis Framework Using Autoencoder and Density-Based Learning","display_name":"An Unsupervised Cloud-Centric Intrusion Diagnosis Framework Using Autoencoder and Density-Based Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124724195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010054"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18010054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/54/pdf?version=1768816980","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/54/pdf?version=1768816980","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123347813","display_name":"Suresh K. S","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I932239252","display_name":"SASTRA University","ror":"https://ror.org/032jk8892","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I932239252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suresh K. S","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Tamilnadu 613401, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6088-7414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Tamilnadu 613401, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I932239252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039250673","display_name":"Thenmozhi Elumalai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2531-5506"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thenmozhi Elumalai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai 600123, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2531-5506","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai 600123, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123308287","display_name":"Radhakrishnan Rajamani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125381","display_name":"Galgotias University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ba206","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radhakrishnan Rajamani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Delhi 203201, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0641-910X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Delhi 203201, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anubhav Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5873-9236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125381","display_name":"Galgotias University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ba206","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anubhav Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Delhi 203201, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5873-9236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Delhi 203201, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123334984","display_name":"Balamurugan Balusamy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Balamurugan Balusamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and IT, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai Campus, Dubai 345050, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2805-4951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and IT, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai Campus, Dubai 345050, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123310193","display_name":"Sumendra Yogarayan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sumendra Yogarayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112477444","display_name":"Kaliyaperumal Prabu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110166357","display_name":"University of Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzb2213","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaliyaperumal Prabu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, IILM University, Delhi 201306, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3256-5984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, IILM University, Delhi 201306, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123310193","https://openalex.org/A5123334984"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460","https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07526078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"54","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9230999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9230999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.012000000104308128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.8758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6323000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6039000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4927000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4359999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.8758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6323000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6039000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4927000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780741293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818019","display_name":"Attack patterns","level":3,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18010054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/54/pdf?version=1768816980","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4e094784bd9b4f33ad82a0d03fb63065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4e094784bd9b4f33ad82a0d03fb63065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 18, Iss 1, p 54 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18010054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/54/pdf?version=1768816980","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.4199495017528534}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124724195.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W3092771185","https://openalex.org/W3161599138","https://openalex.org/W4284994113","https://openalex.org/W4289333286","https://openalex.org/W4295660538","https://openalex.org/W4307943850","https://openalex.org/W4311462070","https://openalex.org/W4327736930","https://openalex.org/W4362703719","https://openalex.org/W4386255686","https://openalex.org/W4386601358","https://openalex.org/W4387185306","https://openalex.org/W4388145338","https://openalex.org/W4396763107","https://openalex.org/W4399206197","https://openalex.org/W4399450192","https://openalex.org/W4399887369","https://openalex.org/W4400737507","https://openalex.org/W4400777574","https://openalex.org/W4404356815","https://openalex.org/W4404491273","https://openalex.org/W4405758217","https://openalex.org/W4405843472","https://openalex.org/W4407237697","https://openalex.org/W4409205049","https://openalex.org/W4409311114","https://openalex.org/W4410028047","https://openalex.org/W4412177632","https://openalex.org/W7115570698","https://openalex.org/W7119806124"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cloud":[0],"computing":[1],"environments":[2],"generate":[3],"high-dimensional,":[4],"large-scale,":[5],"and":[6,23,65,95,127,153,166,176,183,190],"highly":[7,193],"dynamic":[8],"network":[9],"traffic,":[10,196],"making":[11],"intrusion":[12,39,99],"diagnosis":[13,40,100],"challenging":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,60,66,90],"evolving":[17],"attack":[18,49,79,93,103,144,155],"patterns,":[19],"severe":[20],"traffic":[21,59],"imbalance,":[22],"limited":[24],"availability":[25],"of":[26,122,147,164,170],"labeled":[27],"data.":[28],"To":[29],"address":[30],"these":[31],"challenges,":[32],"this":[33],"study":[34],"presents":[35],"an":[36,118,141],"unsupervised,":[37],"cloud-centric":[38],"framework":[41,116],"that":[42,113],"integrates":[43],"autoencoder-based":[44],"representation":[45],"learning":[46,89],"with":[47,124],"density-based":[48,88,137],"categorization.":[50],"A":[51],"dual-stage":[52],"autoencoder":[53],"is":[54],"trained":[55],"exclusively":[56],"on":[57,107],"benign":[58],"learn":[61],"compact":[62],"latent":[63,92],"representations":[64],"identify":[67],"anomalous":[68],"flows":[69],"using":[70,87],"reconstruction-error":[71],"analysis,":[72],"enabling":[73],"effective":[74],"anomaly":[75,119],"detection":[76,120],"without":[77],"prior":[78],"labels.":[80],"The":[81,136],"detected":[82],"anomalies":[83],"are":[84],"subsequently":[85],"grouped":[86],"uncover":[91],"structures":[94],"support":[96],"fine-grained":[97],"multiclass":[98,143],"under":[101,192],"varying":[102],"densities.":[104],"Experiments":[105],"conducted":[106],"the":[108,114,132,187],"large-scale":[109],"CSE-CIC-IDS2018":[110],"dataset":[111],"demonstrate":[112],"proposed":[115],"achieves":[117,140],"accuracy":[121,146],"99.46%,":[123],"high":[125],"recall":[126],"low":[128],"false-negative":[129],"rates":[130],"in":[131],"optimal":[133],"latent-space":[134],"configuration.":[135],"classification":[138,145],"stage":[139],"overall":[142],"98.79%,":[148],"effectively":[149],"handling":[150],"both":[151],"majority":[152],"minority":[154],"categories.":[156],"Clustering":[157],"quality":[158],"evaluation":[159],"reports":[160],"a":[161,167],"Silhouette":[162],"Score":[163],"0.9857":[165],"Davies\u2013Bouldin":[168],"Index":[169],"0.0091,":[171],"indicating":[172],"strong":[173],"cluster":[174],"compactness":[175],"separability.":[177],"Comparative":[178],"analysis":[179],"against":[180],"representative":[181],"supervised":[182],"unsupervised":[184],"baselines":[185],"confirms":[186],"framework\u2019s":[188],"scalability":[189],"robustness":[191],"imbalanced":[194],"cloud":[195,203],"highlighting":[197],"its":[198],"suitability":[199],"for":[200],"future":[201],"Internet":[202],"security":[204],"ecosystems.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-01-20T00:00:00"}
