{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117989745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010027","title":"Machine Learning for Assessing Vital Signs in Humans in Smart Cities Based on a Multi-Agent System","display_name":"Machine Learning for Assessing Vital Signs in Humans in Smart Cities Based on a Multi-Agent System","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117989745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/27/pdf?version=1767342009","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/27/pdf?version=1767342009","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065666825","display_name":"Nejood Faisal Abdulsattar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2596-870X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167694869","display_name":"Bu-Ali Sina University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ka8rx28","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167694869"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nejood Faisal Abdulsattar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65816, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65816, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167694869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050131337","display_name":"Hassan Khotanlou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7351-9397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167694869","display_name":"Bu-Ali Sina University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ka8rx28","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167694869"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Khotanlou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65816, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65816, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167694869"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087260779","display_name":"Hatam Abdoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0921-0795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167694869","display_name":"Bu-Ali Sina University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ka8rx28","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167694869"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatam Abdoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65816, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65816, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167694869"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050131337","https://openalex.org/A5065666825"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167694869"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01038961,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.09839999675750732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.09839999675750732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.0820000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.07909999787807465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.7515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vital-signs","display_name":"Vital signs","score":0.6765000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5605999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.49230000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-system","display_name":"Healthcare system","score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-patient-monitoring","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","score":0.3529999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776890885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067560","display_name":"Vital signs","level":2,"score":0.6765000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6272000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5605999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.49230000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175079658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312165","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","level":2,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513323569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554101","display_name":"Medical equipment","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019806175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939","display_name":"Health professionals","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83209312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053367","display_name":"Predictive analytics","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/27/pdf?version=1767342009","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d47ebd96cde43188ed920de56b7a0d8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d47ebd96cde43188ed920de56b7a0d8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 18, Iss 1, p 27 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/27/pdf?version=1767342009","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.568456768989563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117989745.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117989745.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2571185966","https://openalex.org/W3009087417","https://openalex.org/W3009311085","https://openalex.org/W3022229331","https://openalex.org/W3045788690","https://openalex.org/W3046496872","https://openalex.org/W3110899635","https://openalex.org/W3120200594","https://openalex.org/W3121458466","https://openalex.org/W3133750713","https://openalex.org/W3143407182","https://openalex.org/W3153474913","https://openalex.org/W3162212385","https://openalex.org/W3166293510","https://openalex.org/W3185859939","https://openalex.org/W3214359274","https://openalex.org/W4200003034","https://openalex.org/W4206637145","https://openalex.org/W4210263872","https://openalex.org/W4285007810","https://openalex.org/W4286776267","https://openalex.org/W4312474376","https://openalex.org/W4319990329","https://openalex.org/W4320065330","https://openalex.org/W4327951647","https://openalex.org/W4327963430","https://openalex.org/W4352978427","https://openalex.org/W4362469625","https://openalex.org/W4366831718","https://openalex.org/W4376223474","https://openalex.org/W4382401185","https://openalex.org/W4383216696","https://openalex.org/W4385446761","https://openalex.org/W4389762417","https://openalex.org/W4390403684","https://openalex.org/W4392093235","https://openalex.org/W4400680781","https://openalex.org/W4402671340","https://openalex.org/W4403648417","https://openalex.org/W4406931971","https://openalex.org/W4407278383","https://openalex.org/W4410300894"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Healthcare":[0],"professionals":[1],"face":[2],"numerous":[3],"challenges":[4],"when":[5,286,320],"analyzing":[6],"data":[7,206],"and":[8,27,54,70,105,114,153,177,210,216,227,236,244,248,281,315],"providing":[9],"treatment,":[10],"including":[11],"determining":[12],"which":[13,133,144,170],"parameters":[14],"to":[15,24,47,198,207,214,231],"measure,":[16],"the":[17,28,56,90,126,139,172,178,189,195,200,205,218,229,287,321],"frequency":[18],"of":[19,51,58,93,125,174,181,263,267,271,275,279,284,297,301,305,309,313,318],"measurement,":[20],"i.e.,":[21],"how":[22],"frequently":[23],"measure":[25],"them,":[26],"responsibility":[29],"for":[30,89,155],"monitoring":[31,92],"patient":[32,52,136,147],"health":[33],"with":[34,194,233,254],"new":[35,66,258],"medical":[36],"devices.":[37],"Machine":[38],"learning":[39],"(ML)":[40],"techniques":[41],"are":[42],"efficient":[43],"predictive":[44],"models":[45,150],"used":[46],"improve":[48],"early":[49],"prediction":[50,69],"care":[53],"reduce":[55],"cost":[57],"implementing":[59],"healthcare":[60,87],"systems.":[61],"This":[62],"study":[63],"proposes":[64],"a":[65,73,78,84,208,211,237,265,269,273,299,303],"model":[67,160,221,259],"(data":[68],"labeling":[71],"using":[72],"negative":[74],"feature":[75],"based":[76,118],"on":[77,119],"multi-agent":[79],"system":[80,88],"(PLPF-MAS))":[81],"that":[82],"provides":[83,115,242],"smart":[85],"city-based":[86],"continuous":[91],"patients\u2019":[94],"vital":[95],"signs,":[96],"such":[97],"as":[98],"heart":[99],"rate,":[100,104],"blood":[101,106],"pressure,":[102],"respiratory":[103],"oxygen":[107],"saturation.":[108],"It":[109,241],"also":[110],"predicts":[111],"future":[112],"states":[113,253],"suitable":[116],"recommendations":[117,243],"clinical":[120,252],"events.":[121],"The":[122,149,158,185,257],"MIMIC-II":[123,288],"database":[124],"MIT":[127],"physio":[128],"bank":[129],"archive":[130],"is":[131,142,161,222],"used,":[132,143],"contains":[134,145],"1023":[135],"records.":[137,148],"Additionally,":[138],"EHR":[140,322],"dataset":[141,289,323],"10,000":[146],"were":[151],"trained":[152],"evaluated":[154],"six":[156],"bio-signals.":[157],"PLPF-MAS":[159],"distinguished":[162],"from":[163],"traditional":[164],"methods":[165],"in":[166,192],"its":[167],"advanced":[168],"system,":[169],"combines":[171],"activities":[173],"several":[175],"agents":[176],"intelligent":[179],"distribution":[180],"responsibilities":[182],"among":[183],"them.":[184],"LR":[186],"agent":[187,197,213],"measures":[188],"model\u2019s":[190],"reliability":[191],"parallel":[193],"AE-HMM":[196],"predict":[199,251],"Prisk;":[201],"it":[202,249,293],"then":[203],"sends":[204],"coordinator":[209],"supervisory":[212],"monitor":[215],"manage":[217],"model.":[219],"Our":[220],"characterized":[223],"by":[224],"strong":[225],"flexibility":[226],"reliability,":[228],"ability":[230],"deal":[232],"large":[234],"datasets,":[235],"short":[238],"response":[239],"time.":[240],"warnings":[245],"about":[246],"risks,":[247],"can":[250],"high":[255],"accuracy.":[256],"achieved":[260,294],"an":[261,277,282,295,307,311,316],"accuracy":[262,296],"98.4%,":[264],"precision":[266,300],"95.3%,":[268],"sensitivity":[270],"99.2%,":[272],"specificity":[274],"99.1%,":[276],"F1-Score":[278,308],"97.1%,":[280],"R2":[283],"98%,":[285],"was":[290,324],"used.":[291,325],"Conversely,":[292],"93%,":[298,310],"92%,":[302],"recall":[304],"94%,":[306,314],"AUC-ROC":[312],"AUC-PR":[317],"89%":[319]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-02T00:00:00"}
