{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118001374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010025","title":"A Hybrid AI-Driven Knowledge-Based Expert System for Optimizing Gear Design: A Case Study for Education","display_name":"A Hybrid AI-Driven Knowledge-Based Expert System for Optimizing Gear Design: A Case Study for Education","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118001374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18010025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010025","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/25/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/25/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121793062","display_name":"Boris Aber\u0161ek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37696226","display_name":"University of Maribor","ror":"https://ror.org/01d5jce07","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Aber\u0161ek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-7329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043377265","display_name":"Samo Kralj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-8845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37696226","display_name":"University of Maribor","ror":"https://ror.org/01d5jce07","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samo Kralj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-8845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121793262","display_name":"Andrej Flogie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37696226","display_name":"University of Maribor","ror":"https://ror.org/01d5jce07","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrej Flogie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5219-9347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00569973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"25","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.8169000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.8169000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11201","display_name":"Metallurgy and Material Forming","score":0.023800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.008999999612569809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.7515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.6409000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-system","display_name":"Hybrid system","score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analogy","display_name":"Analogy","score":0.32359999418258667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.7515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.6409000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521332185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185816","display_name":"Analogy","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10431821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510174","display_name":"Learning effect","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34559072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334061","display_name":"Design of experiments","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18010025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010025","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/25/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6717abb3c06345b0895deae7ab5c89a2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6717abb3c06345b0895deae7ab5c89a2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 18, Iss 1, p 25 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18010025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010025","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/1/25/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7118001374.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7118001374.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,23,41,50,81,88,100,105,123],"hybrid":[4,101],"knowledge-based":[5],"expert":[6,46],"system":[7,47,72,113],"(KBES)":[8,48],"designed":[9],"to":[10,76],"predict":[11],"crack":[12,31,38,55],"incubation":[13,39,56,148],"and":[14,26,33,60,99,120,149,151],"fatigue":[15],"life":[16],"in":[17,87,158],"gear":[18,69,78,90,163,174],"design,":[19],"serving":[20],"as":[21,122],"both":[22,146],"research":[24],"tool":[25],"an":[27,65,110,138],"educational":[28],"resource.":[29],"While":[30],"growth":[32],"initiation":[34],"are":[35],"well":[36],"understood,":[37],"remains":[40],"challenging":[42],"area.":[43],"The":[44,71],"presented":[45],"integrates":[49],"novel":[51],"mathematical":[52],"model":[53],"for":[54,68,126,134,169],"based":[57,108],"on":[58,96,109],"analogy":[59],"defect":[61],"analysis":[62],"principles":[63],"with":[64],"optimization":[66],"algorithm":[67],"design.":[70],"uses":[73],"genetic":[74],"algorithms":[75],"optimize":[77],"parameters,":[79],"demonstrating":[80],"5\u201310%":[82],"deviation":[83],"from":[84],"experimental":[85],"values":[86],"specific":[89],"design":[91],"problem":[92],"case":[93],"study.":[94],"Based":[95],"this":[97],"KBES":[98],"approach,":[102],"we":[103],"developed":[104],"learning":[106,124],"environment":[107,125],"intelligent":[111],"tutoring":[112],"(ITS)":[114],"which":[115,165],"serves":[116],"older":[117],"students":[118],"(MSc":[119],"PhD)":[121],"the":[127,135,142,153,159,162,167,171],"acquisition":[128],"of":[129,137,141,156,161,173],"knowledge":[130],"and,":[131],"above":[132],"all,":[133],"development":[136],"in-depth":[139],"understanding":[140],"phenomena":[143],"that":[144],"occur":[145],"during":[147,152],"initialization":[150],"further":[154],"propagation":[155],"cracks":[157],"root":[160],"tooth,":[164],"is":[166],"basis":[168],"determining":[170],"lifespan":[172],"transmissions.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2026-01-02T00:00:00"}