{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415647720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17110491","title":"Towards Fair Medical Risk Prediction Software","display_name":"Towards Fair Medical Risk Prediction Software","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415647720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17110491"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17110491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17110491","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/11/491/pdf?version=1761558594","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/11/491/pdf?version=1761558594","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049613948","display_name":"Wolfram Luther","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1245-7628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfram Luther","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1245-7628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066696006","display_name":"Ekaterina Auer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4059-3982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162015237","display_name":"Wismar University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1ckt27","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162015237"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ekaterina Auer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Wismar, Philipp-Mueller-Stra\u00dfe 14, 23966 Wismar, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4059-3982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Wismar, Philipp-Mueller-Stra\u00dfe 14, 23966 Wismar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162015237"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066696006"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162015237"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.2658,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85464145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"11","first_page":"491","last_page":"491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.5777000188827515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.5777000188827515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.20520000159740448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.04410000145435333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6215000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6090999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.3384999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.885699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6215000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6090999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984968299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077784","display_name":"Software tool","level":3,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776969324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q613918","display_name":"Software quality assurance","level":5,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17110491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17110491","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/11/491/pdf?version=1761558594","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac156a23f208437ca24fe1e69d96dffa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac156a23f208437ca24fe1e69d96dffa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 11, p 491 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17110491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17110491","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/11/491/pdf?version=1761558594","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415647720.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415647720.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507872748","https://openalex.org/W1844548710","https://openalex.org/W1989658754","https://openalex.org/W2043306832","https://openalex.org/W2090866254","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2116984840","https://openalex.org/W2168663896","https://openalex.org/W2302501749","https://openalex.org/W2481379541","https://openalex.org/W2597425331","https://openalex.org/W2750178385","https://openalex.org/W2752167790","https://openalex.org/W2800117778","https://openalex.org/W2804195431","https://openalex.org/W2904609718","https://openalex.org/W2982689699","https://openalex.org/W2988998130","https://openalex.org/W3039055470","https://openalex.org/W3043023066","https://openalex.org/W3046113390","https://openalex.org/W3092541244","https://openalex.org/W3093377743","https://openalex.org/W3116803305","https://openalex.org/W3138951883","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3190688537","https://openalex.org/W4200465048","https://openalex.org/W4205701896","https://openalex.org/W4220760463","https://openalex.org/W4221055895","https://openalex.org/W4229079094","https://openalex.org/W4229442586","https://openalex.org/W4236363729","https://openalex.org/W4254495278","https://openalex.org/W4281641238","https://openalex.org/W4301347335","https://openalex.org/W4318828437","https://openalex.org/W4319785485","https://openalex.org/W4365146057","https://openalex.org/W4375945767","https://openalex.org/W4380355461","https://openalex.org/W4385216115","https://openalex.org/W4388884495","https://openalex.org/W4389304682","https://openalex.org/W4393094536","https://openalex.org/W4397008103","https://openalex.org/W4399628959","https://openalex.org/W4403557523","https://openalex.org/W4404518490","https://openalex.org/W4404993924","https://openalex.org/W4405439405","https://openalex.org/W4405906634","https://openalex.org/W4406121590","https://openalex.org/W4407386561"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,21,45,50,61,86,101,104,147,156,164,168],"role":[4,84],"of":[5,23,34,38,52,88,94,106,128,163,170],"fairness":[6,54],"in":[7,98,151],"software":[8],"across":[9],"diverse":[10],"application":[11,119,140],"contexts,":[12],"with":[13,146],"a":[14,31,53,66,82,117,121,137,160],"particular":[15],"emphasis":[16],"on":[17,60,149],"healthcare,":[18],"and":[19,63,77,96,135,153,173],"introduces":[20],"concept":[22],"algorithmic":[24],"(individual)":[25],"meta-fairness.":[26],"We":[27,43],"argue":[28],"that":[29,47,68],"attaining":[30],"high":[32],"degree":[33],"fairness\u2014under":[35],"any":[36],"interpretation":[37],"its":[39],"meaning\u2014necessitates":[40],"higher-level":[41],"consideration.":[42],"analyze":[44],"factors":[46],"may":[48],"guide":[49],"choice":[51],"definition":[55],"or":[56],"bias":[57,150],"metric":[58],"depending":[59],"context,":[62],"we":[64,158],"propose":[65],"framework":[67,110],"additionally":[69],"highlights":[70],"quality":[71],"criteria":[72],"such":[73],"as":[74,79],"accountability,":[75],"accuracy,":[76],"explainability,":[78],"these":[80],"play":[81],"crucial":[83],"from":[85],"perspective":[87],"individual":[89],"fairness.":[90],"A":[91],"detailed":[92],"analysis":[93],"requirements":[95],"applications":[97],"healthcare":[99,144],"forms":[100],"basis":[102],"for":[103,124],"development":[105],"this":[107],"framework.":[108],"The":[109],"is":[111],"illustrated":[112],"through":[113],"two":[114],"examples:":[115],"(i)":[116],"specific":[118],"to":[120,141],"predictive":[122],"model":[123],"reliable":[125],"lower":[126],"bounds":[127],"BRCA1/2":[129],"mutation":[130],"probabilities":[131],"using":[132],"Dempster\u2013Shafer":[133],"theory,":[134],"(ii)":[136],"more":[138],"conceptual":[139],"digital,":[142],"feature-oriented":[143],"twins,":[145],"focus":[148],"communication":[152],"collaboration.":[154],"Throughout":[155],"article,":[157],"present":[159],"curated":[161],"selection":[162],"relevant":[165],"literature":[166],"at":[167],"intersection":[169],"ethics,":[171],"medicine,":[172],"modern":[174],"digital":[175],"society.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-29T00:00:00"}
