{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414976844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17100463","title":"Quantifying Website Privacy Posture Through Technical and Policy-Based Assessment","display_name":"Quantifying Website Privacy Posture Through Technical and Policy-Based Assessment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414976844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17100463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17100463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17100463","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/10/463/pdf?version=1759995815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/10/463/pdf?version=1759995815","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119704320","display_name":"Ioannis Fragkiadakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4562-4640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Fragkiadakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 18534 Piraeus, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 18534 Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091815745","display_name":"Stefanos Gritzalis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8037-2191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefanos Gritzalis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 18534 Piraeus, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 18534 Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002642812","display_name":"Costas Lambrinoudakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3101-5347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Costas Lambrinoudakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 18534 Piraeus, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 18534 Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091815745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37886356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"463","last_page":"463"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12335","display_name":"Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"Privacy by Design","score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.43320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-software","display_name":"Privacy software","score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-policy","display_name":"Privacy policy","score":0.40149998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8554999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.43320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509729295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246032","display_name":"Privacy software","level":3,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167529545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274758","display_name":"Public key certificate","level":4,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141972696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1247836","display_name":"Privacy law","level":4,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776743756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5097921","display_name":"Safeguarding","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992203245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56886387","display_name":"Private life","level":3,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17100463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17100463","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/10/463/pdf?version=1759995815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:65a4d9570784481eb434a3dc639fe8e0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/65a4d9570784481eb434a3dc639fe8e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 10, p 463 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17100463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17100463","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/10/463/pdf?version=1759995815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414976844.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414976844.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2597496415","https://openalex.org/W2922166134","https://openalex.org/W2963663395","https://openalex.org/W4327977284","https://openalex.org/W4388104869","https://openalex.org/W4388497011","https://openalex.org/W4391387333","https://openalex.org/W4402687659","https://openalex.org/W4403037628","https://openalex.org/W4403172182","https://openalex.org/W4405395888","https://openalex.org/W4405781771","https://openalex.org/W4414433202"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,73,87,96,111,132],"rapid":[2],"growth":[3],"of":[4,35,78,90],"digital":[5],"interactions,":[6],"safeguarding":[7],"user":[8],"privacy":[9,36,79,123,142,169],"on":[10],"websites":[11],"has":[12],"become":[13],"a":[14,20,32,41,91,126,154,162,172],"critical":[15],"concern.":[16],"This":[17],"paper":[18],"introduces":[19],"comprehensive":[21],"framework":[22,39,112],"that":[23,44,139],"integrates":[24],"both":[25],"technical":[26,47,88,149],"and":[27,66,75,160],"policy-based":[28],"factors":[29],"to":[30,105,115],"assess":[31],"website\u2019s":[33,92],"level":[34],"protection.":[37],"The":[38,81,129],"employs":[40],"scoring":[42],"system":[43],"evaluates":[45],"key":[46],"elements,":[48],"such":[49],"as":[50],"HTTP":[51],"security":[52],"headers,":[53],"email":[54],"authentication":[55],"protocols":[56],"(SPF,":[57],"DKIM,":[58],"DMARC),":[59],"SSL/TLS":[60],"certificate":[61],"usage,":[62],"domain":[63],"reputation,":[64],"DNSSEC,":[65],"cookie":[67],"practices.":[68],"In":[69],"parallel,":[70],"it":[71],"examines":[72],"clarity":[74],"GDPR":[76],"compliance":[77],"policies.":[80],"resulting":[82],"score":[83],"reflects":[84],"not":[85],"only":[86],"strength":[89],"defenses":[93],"but":[94],"also":[95],"transparency":[97],"with":[98,148],"which":[99],"data":[100],"processing":[101],"practices":[102],"are":[103],"communicated":[104],"users.":[106],"To":[107],"demonstrate":[108],"its":[109],"effectiveness,":[110],"was":[113],"applied":[114],"two":[116],"similarly":[117],"sized":[118],"private":[119],"hospitals,":[120],"generating":[121],"comparative":[122],"scores":[124],"under":[125],"unified":[127],"metric.":[128],"results":[130],"confirm":[131],"framework\u2019s":[133],"value":[134],"in":[135,157],"producing":[136],"measurable":[137],"insights":[138],"enable":[140],"cross-organizational":[141],"benchmarking.":[143],"By":[144],"combining":[145],"policy":[146],"evaluation":[147],"analysis,":[150],"this":[151],"work":[152],"addresses":[153],"significant":[155],"gap":[156],"existing":[158],"research":[159],"offers":[161],"reproducible,":[163],"extensible":[164],"methodology":[165],"for":[166],"assessing":[167],"website":[168],"posture":[170],"from":[171],"visitor\u2019s":[173],"perspective.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T06:41:57.775601","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}