{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414874258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17100457","title":"An IoT Architecture for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Towards Energy-Aware and Low-Emission Smart Cities","display_name":"An IoT Architecture for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Towards Energy-Aware and Low-Emission Smart Cities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414874258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17100457"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17100457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17100457","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/10/457/pdf?version=1759573743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/10/457/pdf?version=1759573743","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001926243","display_name":"Manuel J. C. S. Reis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8872-5721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manuel J. C. S. Reis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department and IEETA, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8872-5721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department and IEETA, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012981934","display_name":"Frederico Branco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-4887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederico Branco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department and INESC-TEC, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-4887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department and INESC-TEC, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076652737","display_name":"Nishu Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1568-368X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142208455","display_name":"VSB - Technical University of Ostrava","ror":"https://ror.org/05x8mcb75","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishu Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1568-368X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016202997","display_name":"Carlos Ser\u00f4dio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4632-9664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Ser\u00f4dio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department and Center ALGORITMI, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4632-9664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department and Center ALGORITMI, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001926243"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.4124,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92528244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"457","last_page":"457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5353000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-city","display_name":"Smart city","score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-intensity","display_name":"Traffic intensity","score":0.4754999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4546999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.421099990606308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.777400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5353000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167272206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421101","display_name":"Traffic intensity","level":2,"score":0.4754999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4546999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157181609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364310","display_name":"Sustainable transport","level":3,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76763059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251072","display_name":"Machine to machine","level":3,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55356503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2136675","display_name":"Reference architecture","level":4,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702492","display_name":"Urban area","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195563490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180368","display_name":"Network congestion","level":3,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17100457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17100457","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/10/457/pdf?version=1759573743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45cb64add3804127acfdebae942269bc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45cb64add3804127acfdebae942269bc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 10, p 457 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17100457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17100457","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/10/457/pdf?version=1759573743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414874258.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988580225","https://openalex.org/W2903709398","https://openalex.org/W2964129362","https://openalex.org/W4220983461","https://openalex.org/W4280523185","https://openalex.org/W4281491031","https://openalex.org/W4304606410","https://openalex.org/W4321248310","https://openalex.org/W4362584724","https://openalex.org/W4362717919","https://openalex.org/W4385666283","https://openalex.org/W4386284063","https://openalex.org/W4387670864","https://openalex.org/W4392691167","https://openalex.org/W4393163628","https://openalex.org/W4399882848","https://openalex.org/W4401685478","https://openalex.org/W4402864351","https://openalex.org/W4403297870","https://openalex.org/W4404625491","https://openalex.org/W4408100291","https://openalex.org/W4408188742","https://openalex.org/W4408519911","https://openalex.org/W4408769828","https://openalex.org/W4409391869","https://openalex.org/W4409500828","https://openalex.org/W4409954017","https://openalex.org/W4410893753","https://openalex.org/W4411535582","https://openalex.org/W4411864744","https://openalex.org/W4411933181","https://openalex.org/W4413439101"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,67,165],"rapid":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,24,45,135,269],"urban":[4,262],"populations":[5],"intensifies":[6],"congestion,":[7,236],"air":[8],"pollution,":[9],"and":[10,21,33,55,61,75,81,100,118,154,161,182,192,213,217,240,255,274],"energy":[11],"demand.":[12],"Green":[13],"mobility":[14,263],"is":[15,246],"central":[16],"to":[17,30,91,234,260],"sustainable":[18,261],"smart":[19],"cities,":[20],"the":[22,96,168,214,232,267],"Internet":[23,44],"Things":[25,46],"(IoT)":[26],"offers":[27],"a":[28,92,226],"means":[29,156],"monitor,":[31],"coordinate,":[32],"optimize":[34],"transport":[35],"systems":[36],"in":[37,133,264],"real":[38],"time.":[39],"This":[40],"paper":[41],"presents":[42],"an":[43],"(IoT)-based":[47],"architecture":[48],"integrating":[49],"heterogeneous":[50],"sensing":[51],"with":[52,139,157,266],"edge\u2013cloud":[53,228],"orchestration":[54],"AI-driven":[56],"control":[57],"for":[58,143,220],"green":[59,98],"routing":[60,99],"coordinated":[62],"Electric":[63],"Vehicle":[64],"(EV)":[65],"charging.":[66],"framework":[68],"supports":[69],"adaptive":[70],"traffic":[71],"management,":[72],"energy-aware":[73],"charging,":[74],"multimodal":[76],"integration":[77],"through":[78],"standards-aware":[79],"interfaces":[80],"auditable":[82],"Key":[83],"Performance":[84],"Indicators":[85],"(KPIs).":[86],"We":[87,207],"hypothesize":[88],"that,":[89],"relative":[90],"static":[93],"shortest-path":[94],"baseline,":[95],"integrated":[97],"EV-charging":[101],"coordination":[102],"reduce":[103,237],"(H1)":[104],"mean":[105],"travel":[106,171],"time":[107,172],"per":[108],"trip":[109],"by":[110,116,123,174,179,185,248],"\u22657%,":[111],"(H2)":[112],"CO2":[113,177],"intensity":[114,178],"(g/km)":[115],"\u22656%,":[117],"(H3)":[119],"station":[120],"peak":[121,183],"load":[122,184],"\u226520%":[124],"under":[125,188,199],"moderate-to-high":[126],"demand":[127,189],"conditions.":[128],"These":[129],"hypotheses":[130],"are":[131,197,205],"tested":[132],"Simulation":[134],"Urban":[136],"MObility":[137],"(SUMO)":[138],"Handbook":[140],"Emission":[141],"Factors":[142],"Road":[144],"Transport":[145],"(HBEFA)":[146],"emission":[147],"classes,":[148],"using":[149],"10":[150],"independent":[151],"random":[152],"seeds":[153],"reporting":[155],"95%":[158],"confidence":[159],"intervals":[160],"formal":[162],"significance":[163],"testing.":[164],"results":[166],"confirm":[167],"hypotheses:":[169],"average":[170],"decreases":[173],"approximately":[175,180,186],"9.8%,":[176],"8%,":[181],"25%":[187],"multipliers":[190],"\u22651.2":[191],"EV":[193],"shares":[194],"\u226520%.":[195],"Gains":[196],"attenuated":[198],"light":[200],"demand,":[201,243],"where":[202],"congestion":[203],"effects":[204],"weaker.":[206],"further":[208],"discuss":[209],"scalability,":[210],"interoperability,":[211,257],"privacy/security,":[212],"simulation-to-deployment":[215],"gap,":[216],"outline":[218],"priorities":[219],"reproducible":[221],"field":[222],"pilots.":[223],"In":[224],"summary,":[225],"pragmatic":[227],"IoT":[229],"stack":[230],"has":[231],"potential":[233],"lower":[235],"per-kilometer":[238],"emissions,":[239],"smooth":[241],"charging":[242],"provided":[244],"it":[245],"supported":[247],"reliable":[249],"data":[250],"integration,":[251],"resilient":[252],"edge":[253],"services,":[254],"standards-compliant":[256],"thereby":[258],"contributing":[259],"line":[265],"objectives":[268],"SDG":[270],"11":[271],"(Sustainable":[272],"Cities":[273],"Communities).":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}