{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413740747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17090385","title":"Blockchain for Security in Digital Twins","display_name":"Blockchain for Security in Digital Twins","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413740747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17090385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17090385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17090385","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/9/385/pdf?version=1756287709","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/9/385/pdf?version=1756287709","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119446643","display_name":"Rahanatu Suleiman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahanatu Suleiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037713610","display_name":"Akshita Maradapu Vera Venkata Sai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Akshita Maradapu Vera Venkata Sai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002139930","display_name":"Wei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4522-7340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385887","display_name":"Chenyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3187-9444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering and Game Development, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering and Game Development, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002139930","https://openalex.org/A5037713610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":16.0839,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98828438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"9","first_page":"385","last_page":"385"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9234727621078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6891393065452576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5418624877929688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9234727621078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6891393065452576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5418624877929688}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17090385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17090385","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/9/385/pdf?version=1756287709","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b49fccb8426d4bd5ba395f0db11196a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b49fccb8426d4bd5ba395f0db11196a4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 9, p 385 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17090385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17090385","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/9/385/pdf?version=1756287709","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413740747.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413740747.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":116,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2579357702","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2790400697","https://openalex.org/W2800017313","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2897996256","https://openalex.org/W2898952209","https://openalex.org/W2901395403","https://openalex.org/W2914374206","https://openalex.org/W2918822786","https://openalex.org/W2945357379","https://openalex.org/W2950607204","https://openalex.org/W2965048144","https://openalex.org/W2966928317","https://openalex.org/W2972160586","https://openalex.org/W2982689699","https://openalex.org/W2985576076","https://openalex.org/W2997118270","https://openalex.org/W3000385461","https://openalex.org/W3002981277","https://openalex.org/W3005644063","https://openalex.org/W3005832717","https://openalex.org/W3007107541","https://openalex.org/W3008876591","https://openalex.org/W3013103056","https://openalex.org/W3017089210","https://openalex.org/W3028571922","https://openalex.org/W3083281809","https://openalex.org/W3088400155","https://openalex.org/W3088584775","https://openalex.org/W3092863441","https://openalex.org/W3094110753","https://openalex.org/W3095626950","https://openalex.org/W3096316084","https://openalex.org/W3103822831","https://openalex.org/W3107568701","https://openalex.org/W3111022079","https://openalex.org/W3117572899","https://openalex.org/W3121030519","https://openalex.org/W3122183809","https://openalex.org/W3128569956","https://openalex.org/W3130791602","https://openalex.org/W3132242458","https://openalex.org/W3136753322","https://openalex.org/W3138191843","https://openalex.org/W3156742652","https://openalex.org/W3167380582","https://openalex.org/W3173458433","https://openalex.org/W3173870401","https://openalex.org/W3177248053","https://openalex.org/W3204784351","https://openalex.org/W3209398723","https://openalex.org/W3211200980","https://openalex.org/W3216767138","https://openalex.org/W4200599108","https://openalex.org/W4206313510","https://openalex.org/W4207037270","https://openalex.org/W4207055770","https://openalex.org/W4212890546","https://openalex.org/W4213201928","https://openalex.org/W4214667959","https://openalex.org/W4220831070","https://openalex.org/W4223979084","https://openalex.org/W4224040720","https://openalex.org/W4226176725","https://openalex.org/W4286298182","https://openalex.org/W4287835673","https://openalex.org/W4289014204","https://openalex.org/W4292266154","https://openalex.org/W4296872261","https://openalex.org/W4308001098","https://openalex.org/W4308903318","https://openalex.org/W4309828920","https://openalex.org/W4316021878","https://openalex.org/W4317632579","https://openalex.org/W4318003841","https://openalex.org/W4319993496","https://openalex.org/W4324118262","https://openalex.org/W4328030000","https://openalex.org/W4361290924","https://openalex.org/W4362514681","https://openalex.org/W4362634598","https://openalex.org/W4376137834","https://openalex.org/W4379881809","https://openalex.org/W4380982224","https://openalex.org/W4381744330","https://openalex.org/W4384284075","https://openalex.org/W4385259797","https://openalex.org/W4385963121","https://openalex.org/W4386432021","https://openalex.org/W4387701009","https://openalex.org/W4387826485","https://openalex.org/W4388733848","https://openalex.org/W4391114520","https://openalex.org/W4392017487","https://openalex.org/W4392251605","https://openalex.org/W4393238276","https://openalex.org/W4394831571","https://openalex.org/W4394891442","https://openalex.org/W4396712917","https://openalex.org/W4398774935","https://openalex.org/W4399367245","https://openalex.org/W4399864471","https://openalex.org/W4400151680","https://openalex.org/W4400391580","https://openalex.org/W4400485117","https://openalex.org/W4402451724","https://openalex.org/W4402864351","https://openalex.org/W4403277811","https://openalex.org/W4403511041","https://openalex.org/W4406256706","https://openalex.org/W4406332777","https://openalex.org/W4407600581","https://openalex.org/W4409711471","https://openalex.org/W4410811622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"Twins":[1],"(DTs)":[2],"have":[3],"become":[4],"essential":[5],"tools":[6],"for":[7,164,197],"improving":[8],"efficiency,":[9],"security,":[10],"and":[11,20,37,60,91,104,131,142,155,167,170,181,193],"decision-making":[12,23],"across":[13],"various":[14],"industries.":[15],"DTs":[16,103,120,152],"enable":[17],"deeper":[18],"insight":[19],"more":[21,190],"informed":[22],"through":[24,146],"the":[25,151,177,183],"creation":[26],"of":[27,30,153],"virtual":[28],"replicas":[29],"physical":[31],"entities.":[32],"However,":[33],"they":[34],"face":[35],"privacy":[36],"security":[38,73,99],"risks":[39],"due":[40],"to":[41,48,55,108],"their":[42],"real-time":[43,137],"connectivity,":[44],"making":[45],"them":[46],"vulnerable":[47],"cyber":[49],"attacks.":[50],"These":[51],"attacks":[52],"can":[53,121],"lead":[54],"data":[56,88,125,148],"breaches,":[57],"disrupt":[58],"operations,":[59],"cause":[61],"communication":[62],"delays,":[63],"undermining":[64],"system":[65],"reliability.":[66],"To":[67],"address":[68],"these":[69,110],"risks,":[70],"integrating":[71],"advanced":[72],"frameworks":[74],"such":[75],"as":[76],"blockchain":[77,166,180],"technology":[78],"offers":[79],"a":[80,186],"promising":[81],"solution.":[82],"Blockchains\u2019":[83],"decentralized,":[84],"tamper-resistant":[85],"architecture":[86],"enhances":[87],"integrity,":[89],"transparency,":[90],"trust":[92],"in":[93],"DT":[94,168],"environments.":[95],"This":[96,134],"paper":[97,184],"examines":[98],"vulnerabilities":[100],"associated":[101],"with":[102],"explores":[105],"blockchain-based":[106,119],"solutions":[107],"mitigate":[109],"challenges.":[111],"A":[112],"case":[113],"study":[114,159],"is":[115],"presented":[116],"involving":[117],"how":[118],"facilitate":[122],"secure,":[123,192],"decentralized":[124],"sharing":[126],"between":[127,150,179],"autonomous":[128],"connected":[129],"vehicles":[130,154],"traffic":[132,144,156],"infrastructure.":[133],"integration":[135],"supports":[136],"vehicle":[138],"tracking,":[139],"collision":[140],"avoidance,":[141],"optimized":[143],"flow":[145],"secure":[147],"exchange":[149],"lights.":[157],"The":[158],"also":[160],"reviews":[161],"performance":[162],"metrics":[163],"evaluating":[165],"systems":[169],"outlines":[171],"future":[172],"research":[173],"directions.":[174],"By":[175],"highlighting":[176],"collaboration":[178],"DTs,":[182],"proposes":[185],"pathway":[187],"towards":[188],"building":[189],"resilient,":[191],"intelligent":[194],"digital":[195],"ecosystems":[196],"critical":[198],"applications.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}