{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413164350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080367","title":"DDoS Defense Strategy Based on Blockchain and Unsupervised Learning Techniques in SDN","display_name":"DDoS Defense Strategy Based on Blockchain and Unsupervised Learning Techniques in SDN","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413164350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080367"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17080367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080367","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113202023","display_name":"Shengmin Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120389","display_name":"Fujian Polytechnic of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02j5qn328","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120389"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengmin Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Engineering, Fuzhou Polytechnic, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering, Fuzhou Polytechnic, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101458399","display_name":"Jialin Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5659-4256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61057504","display_name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kx2sy84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialin Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002638597","display_name":"Xiangyu Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7563-2369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61057504","display_name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kx2sy84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113174437","display_name":"Shuwu Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61057504","display_name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kx2sy84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuwu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083592083","display_name":"Zhaogang Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7218-6321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61057504","display_name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kx2sy84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhaogang Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083592083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.5287,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86670513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"8","first_page":"367","last_page":"367"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9293532371520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9056662917137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7825425863265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.497346431016922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4356553256511688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4222433567047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.32822027802467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.15181833505630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.10368660092353821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9293532371520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9056662917137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7825425863265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.497346431016922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4356553256511688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4222433567047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.32822027802467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15181833505630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.10368660092353821}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17080367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b8df625f190c48a2815a460b1382f849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b8df625f190c48a2815a460b1382f849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 8, p 367 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17080367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1911304975","https://openalex.org/W1999466943","https://openalex.org/W2111281854","https://openalex.org/W2147118406","https://openalex.org/W2156483112","https://openalex.org/W2216946510","https://openalex.org/W2474414835","https://openalex.org/W2738792436","https://openalex.org/W2899638272","https://openalex.org/W2982682021","https://openalex.org/W2995871203","https://openalex.org/W3010495106","https://openalex.org/W3033209635","https://openalex.org/W3045750618","https://openalex.org/W3048604191","https://openalex.org/W3084005002","https://openalex.org/W3086217035","https://openalex.org/W3093491460","https://openalex.org/W3102927640","https://openalex.org/W3104917574","https://openalex.org/W3127232757","https://openalex.org/W3130394740","https://openalex.org/W3132356282","https://openalex.org/W3155215751","https://openalex.org/W3161694586","https://openalex.org/W3202553144","https://openalex.org/W4210705543","https://openalex.org/W4213457228","https://openalex.org/W4237605508","https://openalex.org/W4294308977","https://openalex.org/W4311852612","https://openalex.org/W4323315620","https://openalex.org/W4378420361","https://openalex.org/W4383262607","https://openalex.org/W4384026613","https://openalex.org/W4385636894","https://openalex.org/W4391935965","https://openalex.org/W4401379604","https://openalex.org/W4402265248","https://openalex.org/W4404222346","https://openalex.org/W6790469521","https://openalex.org/W6850331196","https://openalex.org/W6874091955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W1484565796","https://openalex.org/W4230824443","https://openalex.org/W3026018975","https://openalex.org/W2185673024","https://openalex.org/W2142794587"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,13,29,34,38,45,51,55,107,117,124,128,138,145,150,156,190,211,225,229,241,249,272,309,315],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,15,75,92,106,127,232,251,261,274,311],"technologies":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7,23],"cloud":[8],"computing,":[9],"big":[10],"data,":[11],"and":[12,94,149,168,189,257,289],"Internet":[14],"Things":[16],"(IoT),":[17],"Software-Defined":[18],"Networking":[19],"(SDN)":[20],"is":[21],"emerging":[22],"a":[24,42,87,176,181],"new":[25],"network":[26,101,227,244,280,317],"architecture":[27],"for":[28,66,286],"modern":[30],"Internet.":[31],"SDN":[32,46,82,100,118,129,226,243,279,316],"separates":[33],"control":[35],"plane":[36],"from":[37,194],"data":[39,59,183,312],"plane,":[40],"allowing":[41],"central":[43],"controller,":[44,47],"to":[48,57,115,136,154,160,198],"quickly":[49],"direct":[50],"routing":[52],"devices":[53],"within":[54],"topology":[56],"forward":[58],"packets,":[60],"thus":[61],"providing":[62],"flexible":[63],"traffic":[64],"management":[65],"communication":[67],"between":[68],"information":[69],"sources.":[70],"However,":[71],"traditional":[72],"Distributed":[73],"Denial":[74],"Service":[76],"(DDoS)":[77],"attacks":[78,97,288,306],"still":[79],"significantly":[80],"impact":[81],"systems.":[83],"This":[84,296],"paper":[85],"proposes":[86],"novel":[88],"dual-layer":[89],"strategy":[90,108,159,178,223,276,301],"capable":[91],"detecting":[93],"mitigating":[95],"DDoS":[96,164,172,214,252,287,305],"in":[98,123,224,277,293,314],"an":[99,258],"environment.":[102,318],"The":[103,217],"first":[104,157],"layer":[105,158],"enhances":[109],"security":[110],"by":[111,236],"using":[112,210,221],"blockchain":[113],"technology":[114],"replace":[116],"flow":[119,140],"table":[120,141],"storage":[121],"container":[122],"northbound":[125],"interface":[126],"controller.":[130],"Smart":[131],"contracts":[132],"are":[133],"then":[134],"used":[135],"process":[137],"stored":[139],"information.":[142],"We":[143,206],"employ":[144],"time":[146,234],"window":[147],"algorithm":[148,153,193],"token":[151],"bucket":[152],"construct":[155],"defend":[161],"against":[162],"obvious":[163,171],"attacks.":[165],"To":[166],"detect":[167],"mitigate":[169],"less":[170,291],"attacks,":[173],"we":[174],"design":[175],"second-layer":[177],"that":[179,220,298],"uses":[180],"composite":[182],"feature":[184],"correlation":[185],"coefficient":[186],"calculation":[187],"method":[188],"Isolation":[191],"Forest":[192],"unsupervised":[195],"learning":[196],"techniques":[197],"perform":[199],"binary":[200],"classification,":[201],"thereby":[202],"identifying":[203],"abnormal":[204],"traffic.":[205],"conduct":[207],"experimental":[208],"validation":[209],"publicly":[212],"available":[213],"dataset":[215],"CIC-DDoS2019.":[216],"results":[218],"show":[219],"this":[222,246,300],"reduces":[228],"average":[230],"deviation":[231],"round-trip":[233],"(RTT)":[235],"approximately":[237],"38.86%":[238],"compared":[239],"with":[240,264],"original":[242],"without":[245,307],"strategy.":[247],"Furthermore,":[248],"accuracy":[250],"attack":[253],"detection":[254,270,284,294],"reaches":[255],"97.66%":[256],"F1":[259],"score":[260],"92.2%.":[262],"Compared":[263],"other":[265],"similar":[266],"methods,":[267],"under":[268],"comparable":[269],"accuracy,":[271],"deployment":[273],"our":[275],"small-scale":[278],"topologies":[281],"provides":[282],"faster":[283],"speeds":[285],"exhibits":[290],"fluctuation":[292],"time.":[295],"indicates":[297],"implementing":[299],"can":[302],"effectively":[303],"identify":[304],"affecting":[308],"stability":[310],"transmission":[313]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}