{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412990262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080356","title":"Rethinking Modbus-UDP for Real-Time IIoT Systems","display_name":"Rethinking Modbus-UDP for Real-Time IIoT Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412990262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080356"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17080356","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080356","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/8/356/pdf?version=1754402275","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/8/356/pdf?version=1754402275","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059685216","display_name":"Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-9993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 10129 Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-9993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 10129 Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059685216"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.1262,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87325504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"8","first_page":"356","last_page":"356"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8898277282714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modbus","display_name":"Modbus","score":0.8868734836578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-operating-system","display_name":"Real-time operating system","score":0.46456634998321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4567481279373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4010361433029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.278317928314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-protocol","display_name":"Communications protocol","score":0.1545422375202179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8898277282714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776666747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135322","display_name":"Modbus","level":3,"score":0.8868734836578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28472234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213666","display_name":"Real-time operating system","level":2,"score":0.46456634998321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4567481279373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4010361433029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.278317928314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.1545422375202179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17080356","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080356","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/8/356/pdf?version=1754402275","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dd722ac28b5c4150b06d17988fab511d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dd722ac28b5c4150b06d17988fab511d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 8, p 356 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17080356","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080356","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/8/356/pdf?version=1754402275","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412990262.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412990262.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026506122","https://openalex.org/W2088582152","https://openalex.org/W2104029471","https://openalex.org/W2156639545","https://openalex.org/W2169208501","https://openalex.org/W2545990795","https://openalex.org/W2612767777","https://openalex.org/W2908669990","https://openalex.org/W2915352631","https://openalex.org/W3092289675","https://openalex.org/W3126669246","https://openalex.org/W3151376044","https://openalex.org/W3156666066","https://openalex.org/W4230038347","https://openalex.org/W4302287452","https://openalex.org/W4310145877","https://openalex.org/W4313837379","https://openalex.org/W4385415634","https://openalex.org/W4397043422","https://openalex.org/W4403069538","https://openalex.org/W4404037805","https://openalex.org/W4405534373","https://openalex.org/W4406909452","https://openalex.org/W4408862772","https://openalex.org/W4411484238","https://openalex.org/W4411569070","https://openalex.org/W6854447717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171086579","https://openalex.org/W2351329237","https://openalex.org/W2102976278","https://openalex.org/W2347722378","https://openalex.org/W2795132899","https://openalex.org/W2348991889","https://openalex.org/W2919487376","https://openalex.org/W2214202562","https://openalex.org/W2358350236","https://openalex.org/W2015635607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"original":[1],"Modbus":[2,118],"specification":[3],"for":[4,169],"RS-485":[5],"and":[6,52,77,109,181],"RS-232":[7],"buses":[8],"supported":[9,58],"broadcast":[10,43],"transmission.":[11],"As":[12],"the":[13,20,31,42,65,80,93,122,131,154,163],"protocol":[14,115,166],"evolved":[15],"into":[16],"Modbus-TCP,":[17],"to":[18,30,79,107,144],"use":[19],"TCP":[21,35],"transport,":[22],"this":[23,161],"useful":[24],"feature":[25],"was":[26],"lost,":[27],"likely":[28],"due":[29],"point-to-point":[32],"nature":[33],"of":[34,68,71,89,102,125,137,157,172,175],"connections.":[36],"Later":[37],"proposals":[38],"did":[39,62],"not":[40,63],"restore":[41],"transmission":[44],"capability,":[45],"although":[46],"they":[47,61],"used":[48],"UDP":[49,158],"as":[50],"transport":[51],"UDP,":[53,72],"by":[54],"itself,":[55],"would":[56],"have":[57],"it.":[59],"Moreover,":[60],"address":[64],"inherent":[66],"lack":[67],"reliable":[69],"delivery":[70],"leaving":[73],"datagram":[74,149],"loss":[75,150],"detection":[76],"recovery":[78],"application":[81],"layer.":[82],"This":[83],"paper":[84],"describes":[85],"a":[86,98,112,145,170],"novel":[87],"redesign":[88],"Modbus-UDP":[90,126,165],"that":[91],"addresses":[92],"aforementioned":[94],"shortcomings.":[95],"It":[96],"achieves":[97],"mean":[99],"round-trip":[100,139],"time":[101],"only":[103],"38%":[104],"with":[105,153,178],"respect":[106],"Modbus-TCP":[108,133],"seamlessly":[110],"supports":[111],"previously":[113],"published":[114],"based":[116],"on":[117],"broadcast.":[119],"In":[120],"addition,":[121],"built-in":[123],"retransmission":[124],"reacts":[127],"more":[128],"efficiently":[129],"than":[130],"equivalent":[132],"mechanism,":[134],"exhibiting":[135],"50%":[136],"its":[138],"standard":[140],"deviation":[141],"when":[142],"subject":[143],"1%":[146],"two-way":[147],"IP":[148],"probability.":[151],"Combined":[152],"lower":[155],"overhead":[156],"versus":[159],"TCP,":[160],"makes":[162],"redesigned":[164],"better":[167],"suited":[168],"variety":[171],"Industrial":[173],"Internet":[174],"Things":[176],"systems":[177],"limited":[179],"computing":[180],"communication":[182],"resources.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}