{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410960104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17060247","title":"Enhanced Peer-to-Peer Botnet Detection Using Differential Evolution for Optimized Feature Selection","display_name":"Enhanced Peer-to-Peer Botnet Detection Using Differential Evolution for Optimized Feature Selection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410960104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17060247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17060247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17060247","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/6/247/pdf?version=1748611338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/6/247/pdf?version=1748611338","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019574163","display_name":"Sangita Baruah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7455-161X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102512","display_name":"Cotton University","ror":"https://ror.org/019ehh677","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102512"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangita Baruah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Sensors & Systems Lab, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA","Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Sensors & Systems Lab, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053732424","display_name":"Vaskar Deka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-442X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138537684","display_name":"Gauhati University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ppj9r51","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138537684"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaskar Deka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-442X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138537684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033891956","display_name":"Dulumani Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9211-2314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49068896","display_name":"Assam Down Town University","ror":"https://ror.org/039p5s648","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49068896"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dulumani Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Technology, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati 781026, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9211-2314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Technology, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati 781026, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49068896"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019333977","display_name":"Utpal Barman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-5007"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Utpal Barman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Assam Skill University, Mangaldoi 784125, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Assam Skill University, Mangaldoi 784125, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030603016","display_name":"Manob Jyoti Saikia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-4333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manob Jyoti Saikia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Sensors & Systems Lab, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-4333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Sensors & Systems Lab, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030603016"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.2108,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80454727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"6","first_page":"247","last_page":"247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8801953792572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.8499101400375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.6597226858139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-to-peer","display_name":"Peer-to-peer","score":0.6134805679321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5687788724899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-evolution","display_name":"Differential evolution","score":0.5568116903305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5171148777008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4727550148963928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3447721302509308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3373156785964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3329991102218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2680487036705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.22158828377723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.16615614295005798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8801953792572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.8499101400375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6597226858139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534932454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161410","display_name":"Peer-to-peer","level":2,"score":0.6134805679321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5687788724899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74750220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662197","display_name":"Differential evolution","level":2,"score":0.5568116903305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5171148777008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4727550148963928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3447721302509308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3373156785964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3329991102218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2680487036705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.22158828377723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.16615614295005798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17060247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17060247","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/6/247/pdf?version=1748611338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:17:y:2025:i:6:p:247-:d:1668733","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/6/247/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:459b67d67d214136ac7c4c63ace658d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/459b67d67d214136ac7c4c63ace658d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 6, p 247 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17060247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17060247","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/6/247/pdf?version=1748611338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312842","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410960104.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410960104.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487321909","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W2046609661","https://openalex.org/W2077488147","https://openalex.org/W2107262494","https://openalex.org/W2118555129","https://openalex.org/W2150039689","https://openalex.org/W2154874878","https://openalex.org/W2156194072","https://openalex.org/W2292636747","https://openalex.org/W2561422903","https://openalex.org/W2588562105","https://openalex.org/W2604385419","https://openalex.org/W2805735600","https://openalex.org/W2887654572","https://openalex.org/W2989868186","https://openalex.org/W3003591012","https://openalex.org/W3004799315","https://openalex.org/W3007689421","https://openalex.org/W3011464256","https://openalex.org/W3017403618","https://openalex.org/W3043682554","https://openalex.org/W3044183625","https://openalex.org/W3117376990","https://openalex.org/W3187496782","https://openalex.org/W3194218170","https://openalex.org/W3212195304","https://openalex.org/W4214745725","https://openalex.org/W4239275245","https://openalex.org/W4253309328","https://openalex.org/W4296990391","https://openalex.org/W4311791644","https://openalex.org/W4323037598","https://openalex.org/W4387301372","https://openalex.org/W4391099793","https://openalex.org/W4391528347","https://openalex.org/W6773788245","https://openalex.org/W6774770226","https://openalex.org/W6781242648","https://openalex.org/W6842720992","https://openalex.org/W6906562171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294483539","https://openalex.org/W2378449000","https://openalex.org/W3187581118","https://openalex.org/W2938399969","https://openalex.org/W2616994865","https://openalex.org/W2119207053","https://openalex.org/W2062822216","https://openalex.org/W4388937261","https://openalex.org/W4386564352","https://openalex.org/W2952668426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,99,153,161,188],"growing":[2,73],"prevalence":[3],"of":[4,17,32,38,48,56,135,166],"cybercrime,":[5],"botnets":[6],"have":[7],"emerged":[8],"as":[9,29],"a":[10,30,72,93,114,157],"significant":[11],"threat,":[12],"infiltrating":[13],"an":[14,81,142],"increasing":[15],"number":[16],"legitimate":[18],"computers":[19],"annually.":[20],"Challenges":[21],"arising":[22],"for":[23,84],"organizations,":[24],"educational":[25],"institutions,":[26],"and":[27,44,50,67,124,133,151,163,183],"individuals":[28],"result":[31],"botnet":[33,86,105],"attacks":[34],"include":[35],"distributed":[36],"denial":[37],"service":[39],"(DDoS)":[40],"attacks,":[41,43,46],"phishing":[42],"extortion":[45],"generation":[47],"spam,":[49],"identity":[51],"theft.":[52],"The":[53,170],"stealthy":[54],"nature":[55,165],"botnets,":[57],"characterized":[58],"by":[59],"constant":[60],"alterations":[61],"in":[62,75],"network":[63],"structures,":[64],"attack":[65],"methodologies,":[66],"data":[68],"transmission":[69],"patterns,":[70],"poses":[71],"difficulty":[74],"their":[76],"detection.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79],"introduces":[80],"innovative":[82],"strategy":[83],"mitigating":[85],"threats.":[87,110],"Employing":[88],"differential":[89],"evolution,":[90],"we":[91],"propose":[92],"feature":[94],"selection":[95],"approach":[96],"that":[97,173],"enhances":[98],"ability":[100],"to":[101,122,129,149],"discern":[102],"peer-to-peer":[103],"(P2P)":[104],"traffic":[106],"amidst":[107],"evolving":[108],"cyber":[109],"Differential":[111],"evolution":[112],"is":[113,146],"population-based":[115],"meta-heuristic":[116],"technique":[117],"which":[118,186],"can":[119],"be":[120],"applied":[121],"nonlinear":[123],"non-differentiable":[125],"optimization":[126],"problems":[127],"owing":[128],"its":[130],"fast":[131],"convergence":[132],"use":[134],"few":[136],"control":[137],"parameters.":[138],"Apart":[139],"from":[140],"that,":[141],"ensemble":[143],"learning":[144],"algorithm":[145],"also":[147],"employed":[148],"support":[150],"enhance":[152],"detection":[154,191],"phase,":[155],"providing":[156],"robust":[158],"defense":[159],"against":[160],"dynamic":[162],"sophisticated":[164],"modern":[167],"P2P":[168,190],"botnets.":[169],"results":[171],"demonstrate":[172],"our":[174],"model":[175],"achieves":[176],"99.99%":[177],"accuracy,":[178],"99.49%":[179],"precision,":[180],"98.98%":[181],"recall,":[182],"99.23%":[184],"F1-score,":[185],"outperform":[187],"state-of-the-art":[189],"approaches.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
