{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408770943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17040136","title":"Distributed Denial of Service Attack Detection in Software-Defined Networks Using Decision Tree Algorithms","display_name":"Distributed Denial of Service Attack Detection in Software-Defined Networks Using Decision Tree Algorithms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408770943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17040136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17040136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17040136","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/4/136/pdf?version=1742633928","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/4/136/pdf?version=1742633928","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064657404","display_name":"A G Zaman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103583917","display_name":"Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02sdmkj94","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103583917"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Zaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Information Sciences, Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology, Karachi 75190, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Information Sciences, Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology, Karachi 75190, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103583917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078706847","display_name":"Salman A. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-9527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103583917","display_name":"Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02sdmkj94","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103583917"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salman A. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Information Sciences, Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology, Karachi 75190, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-9527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Information Sciences, Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology, Karachi 75190, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103583917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027538068","display_name":"Nazeeruddin Mohammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3580-5960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazeeruddin Mohammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3580-5960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047571247","display_name":"Abdelhamied A. Ateya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1610-9612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelhamied A. Ateya","raw_affiliation_strings":["EIAS: Data Science and Blockchain Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1610-9612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EIAS: Data Science and Blockchain Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062500650","display_name":"Sadique Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6907-2318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadique Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["EIAS: Data Science and Blockchain Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6907-2318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EIAS: Data Science and Blockchain Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038150152","display_name":"Mohammed ElAffendi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9349-1985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed A. ElAffendi","raw_affiliation_strings":["EIAS: Data Science and Blockchain Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9349-1985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EIAS: Data Science and Blockchain Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078706847"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103583917"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":11.9703,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98424244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"136","last_page":"136"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.870428740978241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8276095390319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"Software-defined networking","score":0.6544391512870789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flooding","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","score":0.5210328102111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.47291550040245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4219876825809479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greedy-algorithm","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","score":0.42156368494033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.344197154045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33583971858024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3231264352798462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10026630759239197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.870428740978241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8276095390319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.6544391512870789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5210328102111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.47291550040245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4219876825809479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.42156368494033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.344197154045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33583971858024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3231264352798462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10026630759239197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17040136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17040136","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/4/136/pdf?version=1742633928","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:17:y:2025:i:4:p:136-:d:1618190","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/4/136/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bbea912ce81d492b9477c3c0ed73a166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bbea912ce81d492b9477c3c0ed73a166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 4, p 136 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17040136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17040136","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/4/136/pdf?version=1742633928","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8035814547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PCC-Grant-202202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328105","funder_display_name":"Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328105","display_name":"Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408770943.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997073913","https://openalex.org/W2042385911","https://openalex.org/W2069035017","https://openalex.org/W2082185517","https://openalex.org/W2092126505","https://openalex.org/W2103970002","https://openalex.org/W2138153039","https://openalex.org/W2148936562","https://openalex.org/W2469255646","https://openalex.org/W2552631155","https://openalex.org/W2579807931","https://openalex.org/W2622249843","https://openalex.org/W2756029836","https://openalex.org/W2889451000","https://openalex.org/W2912045250","https://openalex.org/W2912370732","https://openalex.org/W2921161724","https://openalex.org/W2950540448","https://openalex.org/W2955231769","https://openalex.org/W2965207653","https://openalex.org/W2966001425","https://openalex.org/W2970145645","https://openalex.org/W2977439564","https://openalex.org/W3020873385","https://openalex.org/W3030235137","https://openalex.org/W3040251430","https://openalex.org/W3047519450","https://openalex.org/W3084346886","https://openalex.org/W3111747080","https://openalex.org/W3117041256","https://openalex.org/W3126276480","https://openalex.org/W3127474281","https://openalex.org/W3144411758","https://openalex.org/W3156408967","https://openalex.org/W3159238871","https://openalex.org/W3161554626","https://openalex.org/W3198345697","https://openalex.org/W3200241357","https://openalex.org/W3209291644","https://openalex.org/W4206558373","https://openalex.org/W4285091457","https://openalex.org/W4292373773","https://openalex.org/W4297957988","https://openalex.org/W4311187748","https://openalex.org/W4319431249","https://openalex.org/W4319654674","https://openalex.org/W4321373744","https://openalex.org/W4327740108","https://openalex.org/W4360764165","https://openalex.org/W4363678085","https://openalex.org/W4367624273","https://openalex.org/W4381735918","https://openalex.org/W4383535390","https://openalex.org/W4385455576","https://openalex.org/W4385521326","https://openalex.org/W4388936550","https://openalex.org/W4389144786","https://openalex.org/W4389866335","https://openalex.org/W4391641103","https://openalex.org/W4399298351","https://openalex.org/W4401379604","https://openalex.org/W4403312538","https://openalex.org/W4403503423","https://openalex.org/W4406260903","https://openalex.org/W4406415661","https://openalex.org/W4406878838","https://openalex.org/W6730890844","https://openalex.org/W6744729954","https://openalex.org/W6790587931","https://openalex.org/W6838432399","https://openalex.org/W6858236590","https://openalex.org/W6907534619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2767068794","https://openalex.org/W1994311829","https://openalex.org/W4229489764","https://openalex.org/W3114854705","https://openalex.org/W2735897973","https://openalex.org/W4213341501","https://openalex.org/W1543555101","https://openalex.org/W3195575042","https://openalex.org/W2898113880","https://openalex.org/W2793567886"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"software-defined":[1],"network":[2,21,31,95],"(SDN)":[3],"is":[4,89,116,262],"a":[5,186,191,211],"new":[6],"architecture":[7],"approach":[8],"for":[9,169,180,217],"constructing":[10],"and":[11,23,35,52,112,144,209,213],"maintaining":[12],"networks":[13,76],"with":[14,81,190,227,268],"the":[15,20,27,44,79,94,120,158,165,196,204,218,232,238,246,249],"main":[16],"goal":[17],"of":[18,29,39,69,122,141,164,171,206,220,237,248],"making":[19,40],"open":[22],"programmable.":[24],"This":[25,99],"allows":[26],"achievement":[28],"specific":[30],"behavior":[32],"by":[33,77,103],"updating":[34],"installing":[36],"software,":[37],"instead":[38],"physical":[41],"changes":[42],"to":[43,55,66,86,90,150],"network.":[45],"Thus,":[46],"SDNs":[47,63,130,224],"allow":[48],"far":[49],"more":[50,214],"flexibility":[51],"maintainability":[53],"compared":[54,226],"conventional":[56,126],"device-dependent":[57],"architectures.":[58],"Unfortunately,":[59],"like":[60],"their":[61],"predecessors,":[62],"are":[64,131],"prone":[65],"distributed":[67],"denial":[68],"service":[70],"(DDoS)":[71],"attacks.":[72],"These":[73],"attack":[74,152],"paralyze":[75],"flooding":[78],"controller":[80],"bogus":[82,113],"requests.":[83,98,114],"The":[84,182],"answer":[85],"this":[87],"problem":[88],"ignore":[91],"machines":[92],"in":[93,139,223,231,266],"sending":[96],"these":[97,156],"can":[100,108],"be":[101],"achieved":[102],"incorporating":[104],"classification":[105],"algorithms":[106,124,143],"that":[107,185,253],"distinguish":[109],"between":[110],"genuine":[111],"There":[115],"abundant":[117],"literature":[118],"on":[119,125,203],"application":[121],"such":[123,136],"networks.":[127],"However,":[128],"because":[129],"relatively":[132],"new,":[133],"they":[134],"lack":[135],"abundance":[137],"both":[138],"terms":[140],"novel":[142],"effective":[145,215],"datasets":[146,179],"when":[147,225],"it":[148],"comes":[149],"DDoS":[151,172,221],"detection.":[153],"To":[154],"address":[155],"issues,":[157],"present":[159],"study":[160,183],"analyzes":[161],"several":[162,259],"variants":[163],"decision":[166,187,198,240,255],"tree":[167,188,241,256],"algorithm":[168],"detection":[170,219],"attacks":[173,222],"while":[174],"using":[175],"two":[176],"recently":[177,228],"proposed":[178,229],"SDNs.":[181],"finds":[184],"constructed":[189],"hill":[192],"climbing":[193],"approach,":[194],"termed":[195],"greedy":[197,239,254],"tree,":[199],"iteratively":[200],"adds":[201],"features":[202],"basis":[205],"model":[207],"performance":[208,247],"provides":[210,242],"simpler":[212],"strategy":[216],"schemes":[230],"literature.":[233],"Furthermore,":[234],"stability":[235],"analysis":[236],"useful":[243],"insights":[244],"about":[245],"algorithm.":[250],"One":[251],"edge":[252],"has":[257],"over":[258],"other":[260],"methods":[261],"its":[263],"enhanced":[264],"interpretability":[265],"conjunction":[267],"higher":[269],"accuracy.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}