{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406615495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010047","title":"Deep Learning Framework for Advanced De-Identification of Protected Health Information","display_name":"Deep Learning Framework for Advanced De-Identification of Protected Health Information","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406615495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010047"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/47/pdf?version=1737363195","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/47/pdf?version=1737363195","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006847778","display_name":"Ahmad Aloqaily","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-9018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Aloqaily","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046858150","display_name":"Emad E. Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-9973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emad E. Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074832993","display_name":"Rahaf Al-Zyoud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahaf Al-Zyoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032619601","display_name":"Esraa Abu Elsoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0796-8522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153687341","display_name":"Zarqa University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wf1es90","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153687341"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esraa Abu Elsoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Zarqa University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Zarqa University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153687341"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056665764","display_name":"Malak Al-Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-5825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malak Al-Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah II School of Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah II School of Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073310997","display_name":"Alaa E. Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8959-9969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa E. Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006847778"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":19.7441,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98807732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"47","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9735000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9111591577529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6301714181900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4746081233024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4665180444717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3750848174095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3709605932235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3233325481414795}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9111591577529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6301714181900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4746081233024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4665180444717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3750848174095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3709605932235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3233325481414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/47/pdf?version=1737363195","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:17:y:2025:i:1:p:47-:d:1571002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/47/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c4827a27d0f1424285d6d4f7f9e18450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c4827a27d0f1424285d6d4f7f9e18450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 1, p 47 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/47/pdf?version=1737363195","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4435950091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H6574","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325947","funder_display_name":"Hashemite University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325947","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406615495.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406615495.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1034374084","https://openalex.org/W1589853058","https://openalex.org/W1791866474","https://openalex.org/W2157814042","https://openalex.org/W2190333735","https://openalex.org/W2621075239","https://openalex.org/W2892461879","https://openalex.org/W2973122945","https://openalex.org/W3017271747","https://openalex.org/W3027647720","https://openalex.org/W3052706300","https://openalex.org/W3083683925","https://openalex.org/W3162510967","https://openalex.org/W3191318294","https://openalex.org/W3202078810","https://openalex.org/W4312445551","https://openalex.org/W4313120463","https://openalex.org/W4313656749","https://openalex.org/W4377236379","https://openalex.org/W4389615820","https://openalex.org/W4390882201","https://openalex.org/W4391037151","https://openalex.org/W4391880762","https://openalex.org/W4391956118","https://openalex.org/W4392179924","https://openalex.org/W4393159698","https://openalex.org/W4393994889","https://openalex.org/W4394681533","https://openalex.org/W4395003116","https://openalex.org/W4399623925","https://openalex.org/W4400579109","https://openalex.org/W4400996623","https://openalex.org/W4401768880","https://openalex.org/W4402579711","https://openalex.org/W4404254218","https://openalex.org/W6777997616","https://openalex.org/W6859132316","https://openalex.org/W6889983029","https://openalex.org/W6960028192"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W4294635752","https://openalex.org/W4304166257","https://openalex.org/W4383066092","https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electronic":[0],"health":[1],"records":[2,30],"(EHRs)":[3],"are":[4,131],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,109,169],"healthcare":[8],"institutions":[9],"worldwide,":[10],"containing":[11],"vast":[12],"amounts":[13],"of":[14,22,85,157,160,164,178],"unstructured":[15],"textual":[16],"data.":[17],"However,":[18],"the":[19,57,78,87,110,115,125,176],"sensitive":[20],"nature":[21],"Protected":[23],"Health":[24],"Information":[25],"(PHI)":[26],"embedded":[27],"within":[28],"these":[29],"presents":[31],"significant":[32],"privacy":[33,189],"challenges,":[34],"necessitating":[35],"robust":[36],"de-identification":[37,177],"techniques.":[38],"This":[39,98],"paper":[40],"introduces":[41],"a":[42,46,155],"novel":[43],"approach,":[44],"leveraging":[45],"Bi-LSTM-CRF":[47],"model":[48,95,149],"to":[49,101],"achieve":[50],"accurate":[51,119],"and":[52,71,82,89,104,162,172,191,198],"reliable":[53],"PHI":[54,120,135],"de-identification,":[55],"using":[56],"i2b2":[58],"dataset":[59],"sourced":[60],"from":[61],"Harvard":[62],"University.":[63],"Unlike":[64],"prior":[65],"studies":[66],"that":[67],"often":[68,107],"unify":[69],"Bi-LSTM":[70,88],"CRF":[72,90],"layers,":[73],"our":[74],"approach":[75,100],"focuses":[76],"on":[77],"individual":[79],"design,":[80],"optimization,":[81],"hyperparameter":[83,105],"tuning":[84],"both":[86],"components,":[91],"allowing":[92],"for":[93,118,196],"precise":[94],"performance":[96,152],"improvements.":[97],"rigorous":[99],"architectural":[102],"design":[103],"tuning,":[106],"underexplored":[108],"existing":[111],"literature,":[112],"significantly":[113],"enhances":[114],"model\u2019s":[116],"capacity":[117],"tag":[121],"detection":[122],"while":[123],"preserving":[124],"essential":[126],"clinical":[127],"context.":[128],"Comprehensive":[129],"evaluations":[130],"conducted":[132],"across":[133,144],"23":[134],"categories,":[136],"as":[137],"defined":[138],"by":[139],"HIPAA,":[140],"ensuring":[141],"thorough":[142],"security":[143],"critical":[145],"domains.":[146],"The":[147],"optimized":[148],"achieves":[150],"exceptional":[151],"metrics,":[153],"with":[154,188],"precision":[156],"99%,":[158],"recall":[159,171],"98%,":[161,165],"F1-score":[163],"underscoring":[166],"its":[167],"effectiveness":[168],"balancing":[170],"precision.":[173],"By":[174],"enabling":[175],"medical":[179],"records,":[180],"this":[181],"research":[182,197],"strengthens":[183],"patient":[184],"confidentiality,":[185],"promotes":[186],"compliance":[187],"regulations,":[190],"facilitates":[192],"safe":[193],"data":[194],"sharing":[195],"analysis.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
