{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406117157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010024","title":"Ventinel: Automated Detection of Android Vishing Apps Using Optical Character Recognition","display_name":"Ventinel: Automated Detection of Android Vishing Apps Using Optical Character Recognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406117157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010024","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/24/pdf?version=1736253293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/24/pdf?version=1736253293","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daegyeom Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8573-8820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daegyeom Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8573-8820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114819126","display_name":"O Sehwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3651-1861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sehwan O","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3651-1861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082863218","display_name":"Younghoon Ban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1759-9668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younghoon Ban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1759-9668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074024580","display_name":"Jungsoo Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1489-0342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204954614","display_name":"Kangnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ea13906","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204954614"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jungsoo Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ICT Convergence Science, Kangnam University, Yongin 16979, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1489-0342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ICT Convergence Science, Kangnam University, Yongin 16979, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204954614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060445891","display_name":"Kyungho Joo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-6980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyungho Joo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-6980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060286024","display_name":"Haehyun Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5344-5252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haehyun Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5344-5252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060286024"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00280939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"24","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12799","display_name":"Mobile and Web Applications","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12799","display_name":"Mobile and Web Applications","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.892582893371582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.7574164271354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.6988019943237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.5506647229194641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-application","display_name":"Android application","score":0.5069399476051331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.49501556158065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.38947126269340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.385911762714386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3851596713066101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.34055864810943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34045350551605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.33527350425720215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.892582893371582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7574164271354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.6988019943237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.5506647229194641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017891749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android application","level":3,"score":0.5069399476051331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49501556158065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.38947126269340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.385911762714386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3851596713066101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34055864810943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34045350551605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.33527350425720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010024","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/24/pdf?version=1736253293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:365b634c60d4464fa052c16d306713b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/365b634c60d4464fa052c16d306713b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 1, p 24 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010024","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/24/pdf?version=1736253293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7690800436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00398353","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406117157.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978529064","https://openalex.org/W1986956164","https://openalex.org/W2028223155","https://openalex.org/W2561042793","https://openalex.org/W2611724811","https://openalex.org/W3008101892","https://openalex.org/W3110924547","https://openalex.org/W3138009395","https://openalex.org/W4238674185","https://openalex.org/W4254750861","https://openalex.org/W4366527666","https://openalex.org/W4380483904","https://openalex.org/W4383671701","https://openalex.org/W4395679264","https://openalex.org/W4397034588","https://openalex.org/W6766826133"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991513203","https://openalex.org/W2892704491","https://openalex.org/W3178467699","https://openalex.org/W4312612713","https://openalex.org/W2106936331","https://openalex.org/W1985626581","https://openalex.org/W4285815317","https://openalex.org/W2042634493","https://openalex.org/W2100798736","https://openalex.org/W327645657"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vishing,":[0],"a":[1],"blend":[2],"of":[3,138],"\u201cvoice\u201d":[4],"and":[5,15,31,77,92,103,119,131,141,145],"\u201cphishing\u201d,":[6],"has":[7,25],"evolved":[8],"to":[9,53,67,109],"include":[10],"techniques":[11],"like":[12],"Call":[13,75],"Redirection":[14,76],"Display":[16,78],"Overlay":[17,79],"Attacks,":[18],"causing":[19],"significant":[20],"financial":[21],"losses.":[22],"Existing":[23],"research":[24],"largely":[26],"focused":[27],"on":[28],"user":[29,111],"behavior":[30,118,124],"awareness,":[32],"leaving":[33],"gaps":[34],"in":[35],"addressing":[36],"attacks":[37,56],"originating":[38],"from":[39],"vishing":[40],"applications.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"work,":[44],"we":[45,134],"present":[46],"Ventinel,":[47],"an":[48],"Android-based":[49],"defense":[50,146],"system":[51],"designed":[52],"detect":[54],"these":[55],"without":[57],"requiring":[58],"OS":[59],"modifications.":[60],"Ventinel":[61,95],"employs":[62],"Optical":[63],"Character":[64],"Recognition":[65],"(OCR)":[66],"compare":[68],"phone":[69],"numbers":[70],"during":[71],"calls,":[72],"effectively":[73],"preventing":[74],"Attacks.":[80],"Additionally,":[81],"it":[82],"safeguards":[83],"against":[84],"Duplicated":[85],"Contacts":[86],"Attacks":[87],"by":[88],"cross-referencing":[89],"call":[90],"logs":[91],"SMS":[93],"records.":[94],"achieves":[96],"100%":[97],"detection":[98],"accuracy,":[99],"surpassing":[100],"commercial":[101],"applications,":[102],"operates":[104],"with":[105],"minimal":[106],"data":[107],"collection":[108],"ensure":[110],"privacy.":[112],"We":[113],"also":[114],"describe":[115],"malicious":[116],"API":[117,128],"demonstrate":[120],"that":[121],"the":[122,136],"same":[123],"is":[125],"possible":[126],"for":[127],"levels":[129],"29":[130],"higher.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"analyze":[135],"limitations":[137],"existing":[139],"solutions":[140],"propose":[142],"new":[143],"attack":[144],"strategies.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}