{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406105642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010018","title":"Hierarchical Aggregation for Federated Learning in Heterogeneous IoT Scenarios: Enhancing Privacy and Communication Efficiency","display_name":"Hierarchical Aggregation for Federated Learning in Heterogeneous IoT Scenarios: Enhancing Privacy and Communication Efficiency","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406105642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010018","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/18/pdf?version=1736134682","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/18/pdf?version=1736134682","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034531479","display_name":"Chen Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1128-7284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8580, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1128-7284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8580, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ziang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7870-2917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8580, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7870-2917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8580, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073506287","display_name":"Haoda Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9029-8071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoda Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8580, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8580, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071062179","display_name":"Qinglin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7263-8914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinglin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology/Huangpu Research School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou University (Huangpu), Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7263-8914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology/Huangpu Research School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou University (Huangpu), Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445311","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-2293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-2293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045817362","display_name":"Chunhua Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6461-9684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunhua Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8580, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8580, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045817362"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":19.1165,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99131953,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9076813459396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.7904340028762817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6662868857383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6190141439437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6023944616317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5786251425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-aggregator","display_name":"Data aggregator","score":0.5581077933311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.5136656165122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4381861984729767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2901954650878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.19392165541648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.16432684659957886}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9076813459396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.7904340028762817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6662868857383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6190141439437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6023944616317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5786251425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82578977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16773055","display_name":"Data aggregator","level":3,"score":0.5581077933311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.5136656165122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4381861984729767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2901954650878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.19392165541648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.16432684659957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010018","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/18/pdf?version=1736134682","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:17:y:2025:i:1:p:18-:d:1560543","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/18/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41309863599641a286187ab45740ba79","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41309863599641a286187ab45740ba79","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 1, p 18 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010018","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/18/pdf?version=1736134682","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2105962504","display_name":"Physical Layer-based Cryptographic Key Management and Data Reliability Assurance for Smart IoT Environments","funder_award_id":"23K11103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406105642.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406105642.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134960717","https://openalex.org/W2526822862","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2945910786","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3038022836","https://openalex.org/W3043723611","https://openalex.org/W3044216404","https://openalex.org/W3045638580","https://openalex.org/W3045818689","https://openalex.org/W3111030918","https://openalex.org/W3111919937","https://openalex.org/W3133814152","https://openalex.org/W3155912831","https://openalex.org/W3156953231","https://openalex.org/W3159080474","https://openalex.org/W3210103168","https://openalex.org/W3213449942","https://openalex.org/W3214721897","https://openalex.org/W4230925856","https://openalex.org/W4320713383","https://openalex.org/W4321021745","https://openalex.org/W4321483947","https://openalex.org/W4323519261","https://openalex.org/W4361760350","https://openalex.org/W4362513799","https://openalex.org/W4376149513","https://openalex.org/W4382237406","https://openalex.org/W4383754164","https://openalex.org/W4385270023","https://openalex.org/W4385569630","https://openalex.org/W4385804763","https://openalex.org/W4386748614","https://openalex.org/W4387105517","https://openalex.org/W4387353472","https://openalex.org/W4388510242","https://openalex.org/W4389258307","https://openalex.org/W4394804988","https://openalex.org/W4394924926","https://openalex.org/W4399995632","https://openalex.org/W4400280784","https://openalex.org/W4400409839","https://openalex.org/W4400887755","https://openalex.org/W4401879083","https://openalex.org/W6630910706","https://openalex.org/W6727918684","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6781318954","https://openalex.org/W6804385717","https://openalex.org/W6849929117","https://openalex.org/W6850960090","https://openalex.org/W6854522483","https://openalex.org/W7044021334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092530219","https://openalex.org/W4298221930","https://openalex.org/W2793666424","https://openalex.org/W2388464034","https://openalex.org/W2533125852","https://openalex.org/W2140460949","https://openalex.org/W2105580438","https://openalex.org/W2057435755","https://openalex.org/W2777914285","https://openalex.org/W3039437223"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"Learning":[1],"(FL)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,29,85],"distributed":[5],"machine-learning":[6],"paradigm":[7,66,143],"that":[8,139],"enables":[9],"models":[10],"to":[11,28,35,44],"be":[12],"trained":[13,69],"across":[14],"multiple":[15],"decentralized":[16],"devices":[17,50,72],"or":[18],"servers":[19],"holding":[20],"local":[21],"data":[22,27,58,100],"without":[23],"transferring":[24],"the":[25,45,61,68,116,140],"raw":[26],"central":[30],"location.":[31],"However,":[32],"applying":[33],"FL":[34,65,142],"heterogeneous":[36,90],"IoT":[37,91,132],"scenarios":[38],"comes":[39],"with":[40],"several":[41],"challenges":[42],"due":[43],"diverse":[46],"nature":[47],"of":[48,53,71],"these":[49],"in":[51,128],"terms":[52],"hardware":[54],"capabilities,":[55],"communications,":[56],"and":[57,98,112,122,130],"heterogeneity.":[59],"Furthermore,":[60],"conventional":[62],"parameter":[63],"server-based":[64],"aggregates":[67],"parameters":[70],"directly,":[73],"which":[74],"incurs":[75],"high":[76],"communication":[77,96],"overhead.":[78],"To":[79],"this":[80,82],"end,":[81],"paper":[83],"designs":[84],"hierarchical":[86,107],"federated-learning":[87],"framework":[88,118],"for":[89,125],"systems,":[92],"focusing":[93],"on":[94],"enhancing":[95],"efficiency":[97],"ensuring":[99],"security":[101],"through":[102],"lightweight":[103,109],"encryption.":[104],"By":[105],"leveraging":[106],"aggregation,":[108],"stream":[110],"encryption,":[111],"adaptive":[113],"device":[114],"participation,":[115],"proposed":[117,141],"provides":[119],"an":[120],"efficient":[121],"robust":[123],"solution":[124],"federated":[126],"learning":[127],"dynamic":[129],"resource-constrained":[131],"environments.":[133],"The":[134],"extensive":[135],"experimental":[136],"results":[137],"show":[138],"significantly":[144],"reduces":[145],"round":[146],"time":[147],"by":[148],"20%.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
