{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405781771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010003","title":"WebTrackingScore: A Combined Web Tracking Risk Score System for Websites","display_name":"WebTrackingScore: A Combined Web Tracking Risk Score System for Websites","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405781771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/3/pdf?version=1735128383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/3/pdf?version=1735128383","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023092807","display_name":"A. Cava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-1275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80180929","display_name":"Universidad de Murcia","ror":"https://ror.org/03p3aeb86","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80180929"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1lvaro D. Guill\u00e9n Cava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80180929"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060052910","display_name":"Antonio Ruiz\u2010Mart\u00ednez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8433-159X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80180929","display_name":"Universidad de Murcia","ror":"https://ror.org/03p3aeb86","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80180929"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Ruiz-Mart\u00ednez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80180929"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060052910"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80180929"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.7634,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81718896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9056429266929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.6441149115562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4612829089164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4176381528377533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.326734721660614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9056429266929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.6441149115562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4612829089164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4176381528377533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.326734721660614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/3/pdf?version=1735128383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:17:y:2024:i:1:p:3-:d:1553033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/3/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ead2aa610d5a43d0adfc46f8801b217b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ead2aa610d5a43d0adfc46f8801b217b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 17, Iss 1, p 3 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi17010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/1/3/pdf?version=1735128383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1643949827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2097695632","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ERDF/EU","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262748287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G300979063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3429648993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G410571670","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4126322094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4129027415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2023-148104OB-C43","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G451917667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5539308778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5967599077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G661330594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6685425346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266728691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7301893191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-122466OB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7535663061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8260616629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8280860450","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101070052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8570012161","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"unknown","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8638682022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/50110001103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405781771.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966175380","https://openalex.org/W2027268994","https://openalex.org/W2296313016","https://openalex.org/W2495043097","https://openalex.org/W2535603283","https://openalex.org/W2563786350","https://openalex.org/W2614396033","https://openalex.org/W2733005124","https://openalex.org/W2885541569","https://openalex.org/W3000190958","https://openalex.org/W3100240544","https://openalex.org/W3106386337","https://openalex.org/W3125919896","https://openalex.org/W3129741204","https://openalex.org/W3153735076","https://openalex.org/W3154012499","https://openalex.org/W3196494933","https://openalex.org/W3216666665","https://openalex.org/W4211147682","https://openalex.org/W4233517969","https://openalex.org/W4235103302","https://openalex.org/W4281773502","https://openalex.org/W4313397548","https://openalex.org/W4321230989","https://openalex.org/W4323030485","https://openalex.org/W4324009195","https://openalex.org/W4324148718","https://openalex.org/W4366544909","https://openalex.org/W4384948721","https://openalex.org/W4385692238","https://openalex.org/W4387857731","https://openalex.org/W4388497011","https://openalex.org/W4390847741","https://openalex.org/W4390949514","https://openalex.org/W4399135263","https://openalex.org/W6858091005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Privacy":[0],"awareness":[1],"has":[2],"increased":[3],"in":[4,84],"recent":[5],"years.":[6],"In":[7],"many":[8],"countries,":[9],"websites":[10,144],"warn":[11],"users":[12,33,92],"about":[13],"their":[14],"use":[15],"of":[16,57,72,99,120,126,128],"cookies":[17],"and":[18,76,96,123],"Web":[19,73],"browsers":[20],"provide":[21,64],"mechanisms":[22,122],"to":[23,34,52,68],"protect":[24],"user":[25],"privacy.":[26],"However,":[27,59],"it":[28],"is":[29,114],"not":[30],"easy":[31],"for":[32],"understand":[35],"tracking":[36,74,110,121],"risks":[37],"associated":[38,103],"with":[39,93,104],"browsing":[40],"a":[41,69,94,106,109],"given":[42],"website.":[43],"To":[44,80],"address":[45],"this,":[46],"several":[47],"privacy":[48,55,101],"scanners":[49,63],"have":[50,138],"emerged":[51],"evaluate":[53],"the":[54,60,100,124,129,141],"practices":[56],"websites.":[58],"scores":[61],"these":[62],"are":[65,77,145],"often":[66],"limited":[67],"small":[70],"number":[71],"indicators":[75],"thus":[78],"incomplete.":[79],"overcome":[81],"this":[82,85],"limitation,":[83],"paper,":[86],"we":[87,137],"present":[88],"WebTrackingScore,":[89,136],"which":[90],"provides":[91],"simple":[95],"intuitive":[97],"indication":[98],"risk":[102],"visiting":[105],"website":[107],"from":[108],"perspective.":[111],"Its":[112],"design":[113],"based":[115],"on":[116,135],"an":[117],"in-depth":[118],"analysis":[119],"behaviour":[125],"some":[127],"most":[130,142],"frequently":[131],"visited":[132],"sites.":[133],"Based":[134],"analysed":[139],"how":[140],"popular":[143],"classified.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}