{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405186285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16120461","title":"Empowering LLMs with Toolkits: An Open-Source Intelligence Acquisition Method","display_name":"Empowering LLMs with Toolkits: An Open-Source Intelligence Acquisition Method","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405186285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16120461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi16120461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16120461","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/12/461/pdf?version=1733743480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/12/461/pdf?version=1733743480","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100776792","display_name":"Xi Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7138-1638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137180","display_name":"Institute of High Energy Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03v8tnc06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyang Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China","School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137180","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023853713","display_name":"Jiarong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5164-5023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiarong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109886842","display_name":"Haozhi Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haozhi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018868797","display_name":"Yan Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7416-656X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137180","display_name":"Institute of High Energy Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03v8tnc06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137180","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102008770","display_name":"F. Z. Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0448-2620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107785","display_name":"China Spallation Neutron Source","ror":"https://ror.org/01g140v14","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210107785","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137180","display_name":"Institute of High Energy Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03v8tnc06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fazhi Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China","Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107785"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137180","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023853713","https://openalex.org/A5100776792"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137180","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.8172,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94429504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"461","last_page":"461"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.8213000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.8213000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12171","display_name":"Open Education and E-Learning","score":0.7166000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11891","display_name":"Big Data and Business Intelligence","score":0.7109000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8433079719543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.5517069697380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.17647385597229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.12592202425003052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8433079719543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.5517069697380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.17647385597229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.12592202425003052}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi16120461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16120461","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/12/461/pdf?version=1733743480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:16:y:2024:i:12:p:461-:d:1538762","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/12/461/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d5a46063f53b4fb6936339a76fc89e11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d5a46063f53b4fb6936339a76fc89e11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 461 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi16120461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16120461","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/12/461/pdf?version=1733743480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3882980231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFC2206402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405186285.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405186285.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382173325","https://openalex.org/W4390692489","https://openalex.org/W4399625707","https://openalex.org/W4402670718","https://openalex.org/W6854569510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"acquisition":[1,116,183,200],"of":[2,13,119,152],"cybersecurity":[3],"threat":[4,87,114],"intelligence":[5,47,115,199],"is":[6],"a":[7,91,113,136,168,186],"critical":[8],"task":[9],"in":[10,20,31,83,100,181,197],"the":[11,60,76,139,145,150,163,175],"implementation":[12],"effective":[14],"security":[15],"defense":[16],"strategies.":[17],"Recently,":[18],"advancements":[19],"large":[21,193],"language":[22,33,194],"model":[23,195],"(LLM)":[24],"technology":[25],"have":[26,111,156],"led":[27],"to":[28,97,103,141,161],"remarkable":[29],"capabilities":[30],"natural":[32],"processing":[34],"and":[35,71,79,127,166],"understanding.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38,108],"paper,":[39],"we":[40,89,110,155],"introduce":[41],"an":[42],"LLM-based":[43],"approach":[44,51],"for":[45,62,138],"open-source":[46],"(OSINT)":[48],"acquisition.":[49],"This":[50],"autonomously":[52],"obtains":[53],"OSINT":[54,182],"based":[55],"on":[56,107],"user":[57],"requirements,":[58],"eliminating":[59],"need":[61],"manual":[63],"scanning":[64],"or":[65],"querying,":[66],"thus":[67],"saving":[68],"significant":[69],"time":[70],"effort.":[72],"To":[73,148],"further":[74],"address":[75],"knowledge":[77],"limitations":[78],"timeliness":[80],"challenges":[81],"inherent":[82],"LLMs":[84,99],"when":[85],"handling":[86],"intelligence,":[88],"propose":[90],"framework":[92],"that":[93,174],"integrates":[94],"chain-of-thought":[95],"techniques":[96],"assist":[98],"utilizing":[101],"tools":[102],"acquire":[104],"OSINT.":[105],"Based":[106],"framework,":[109],"developed":[112],"agent":[117,140,176],"capable":[118],"decomposing":[120],"logical":[121],"reasoning":[122],"problems":[123],"into":[124],"multiple":[125],"steps":[126],"gradually":[128],"solving":[129],"them":[130],"using":[131],"appropriate":[132],"tools,":[133],"along":[134],"with":[135,185],"toolkit":[137],"dynamically":[142],"access":[143],"during":[144],"problem-solving":[146],"process.":[147],"validate":[149],"effectiveness":[151],"our":[153],"approach,":[154],"designed":[157],"four":[158],"evaluation":[159],"metrics":[160],"assess":[162],"agent\u2019s":[164],"performance":[165],"constructed":[167],"test":[169],"set.":[170],"Experimental":[171],"results":[172],"indicate":[173],"achieves":[177],"high":[178],"accuracy":[179],"rates":[180],"tasks,":[184],"substantial":[187],"improvement":[188],"noted":[189],"over":[190],"its":[191],"baseline":[192],"counterpart":[196],"specific":[198],"scenarios.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}