{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400122788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16070228","title":"Digital Identity in the EU: Promoting eIDAS Solutions Based on Biometrics","display_name":"Digital Identity in the EU: Promoting eIDAS Solutions Based on Biometrics","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400122788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16070228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi16070228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16070228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/7/228/pdf?version=1719565319","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/7/228/pdf?version=1719565319","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076411617","display_name":"Pietro Ruiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4420-3363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Ruiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia, 39/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4420-3363","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia, 39/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049012344","display_name":"Salvatore Saiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Saiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law, University of Sassari, Viale Mancini, 5, 07100 Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9221-1192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law, University of Sassari, Viale Mancini, 5, 07100 Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102980809","display_name":"Enrico Grosso","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Grosso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia, 39/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1420-910X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia, 39/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076411617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.6677,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91804458,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"7","first_page":"228","last_page":"228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6697395443916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6196690797805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6079493761062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5856231451034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5853453874588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5766916871070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5549102425575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.510316789150238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.4563913345336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pace","display_name":"Pace","score":0.43667203187942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity-management","display_name":"Identity management","score":0.4309084117412567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-act-1998","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","score":0.4227350354194641}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6697395443916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6196690797805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6079493761062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5856231451034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5853453874588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5766916871070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5549102425575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.510316789150238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.4563913345336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.43667203187942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555379026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977772","display_name":"Identity management","level":3,"score":0.4309084117412567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.4227350354194641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi16070228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16070228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/7/228/pdf?version=1719565319","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:16:y:2024:i:7:p:228-:d:1424415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/7/228/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d477a6d285c4aa2a7ee0abb96c7312f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d477a6d285c4aa2a7ee0abb96c7312f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 16, Iss 7, p 228 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi16070228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16070228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/7/228/pdf?version=1719565319","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400122788.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519579571","https://openalex.org/W1566413196","https://openalex.org/W1625949922","https://openalex.org/W1964267333","https://openalex.org/W2011339062","https://openalex.org/W2053345649","https://openalex.org/W2109647201","https://openalex.org/W2154691736","https://openalex.org/W2168676389","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W2265190666","https://openalex.org/W2534440832","https://openalex.org/W2563306528","https://openalex.org/W2610531627","https://openalex.org/W2643232402","https://openalex.org/W2742744764","https://openalex.org/W2766977185","https://openalex.org/W2806379360","https://openalex.org/W2883452638","https://openalex.org/W2912459656","https://openalex.org/W2962755172","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2973492437","https://openalex.org/W2999125015","https://openalex.org/W3034192160","https://openalex.org/W3034552680","https://openalex.org/W3101531717","https://openalex.org/W3119683922","https://openalex.org/W3182714435","https://openalex.org/W4213194927","https://openalex.org/W4230575913","https://openalex.org/W4240554906","https://openalex.org/W4286603553","https://openalex.org/W4295800901","https://openalex.org/W4312124063","https://openalex.org/W4312578889","https://openalex.org/W4385759120","https://openalex.org/W4389777349","https://openalex.org/W4392416409","https://openalex.org/W4396613832","https://openalex.org/W4396858144","https://openalex.org/W4407815056","https://openalex.org/W6680642933","https://openalex.org/W6761631130","https://openalex.org/W6856426954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2917102635","https://openalex.org/W3023256691","https://openalex.org/W2789497412","https://openalex.org/W2883729192","https://openalex.org/W2910484607","https://openalex.org/W2794700933","https://openalex.org/W2901967497","https://openalex.org/W3171079982","https://openalex.org/W3048759155","https://openalex.org/W3000605968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"more":[1],"than":[2],"ever":[3],"before,":[4],"technological":[5,89],"progress":[6],"is":[7,59,103,257],"evolving":[8],"rapidly,":[9],"and":[10,37,91,116,129,136,180,205,217,227,236,264,279],"in":[11,21,49,56,146,159,210,240],"the":[12,18,22,62,70,94,99,107,120,123,130,147,151,170,176,181,203,220,244,277],"absence":[13],"of":[14,64,74,83,85,110,161,172,184,207,223,281,288],"adequate":[15],"regulatory":[16,66,81,148,178],"frameworks,":[17],"big":[19],"players":[20],"digital":[23,166,212,225],"market":[24],"(the":[25],"so-called":[26],"Big":[27],"Techs)":[28],"are":[29,77,194],"exploiting":[30],"personal":[31],"data":[32,39,186,256],"(name,":[33],"address,":[34],"telephone":[35],"numbers)":[36],"private":[38],"(political":[40],"opinions,":[41],"religious":[42],"beliefs,":[43],"financial":[44],"information,":[45],"or":[46],"health":[47],"status)":[48],"an":[50,251],"uncontrolled":[51],"manner.":[52],"A":[53],"crucial":[54],"role":[55],"this":[57],"scenario":[58],"played":[60],"by":[61,106],"weakness":[63],"international":[65],"frameworks":[67],"due":[68],"to":[69,93,198],"slow":[71],"response":[72],"time":[73],"legislators":[75],"who":[76],"incapable,":[78],"from":[79,98],"a":[80,142,208,211,249,272],"point":[82,145],"view,":[84],"keeping":[86],"pace":[87],"with":[88,262],"evolution":[90],"responding":[92],"new":[95,111],"requirements":[96],"coming":[97],"social":[100],"context,":[101],"which":[102],"increasingly":[104],"characterized":[105],"pervasive":[108],"presence":[109],"technologies,":[112],"such":[113,164,271],"as":[114,165,248],"smartphones":[115],"wearable":[117],"devices.":[118],"At":[119],"European":[121,177],"level,":[122],"General":[124],"Data":[125],"Protection":[126],"Regulation":[127,131],"(GDPR)":[128],"on":[132],"Electronic":[133],"Identification,":[134],"Authentication":[135],"Trust":[137],"Services":[138],"(eIDAS)":[139],"have":[140],"marked":[141],"significant":[143],"turning":[144],"landscape.":[149],"However,":[150],"mechanisms":[152],"proposed":[153],"present":[154],"clear":[155],"security":[156,278],"issues,":[157],"particularly":[158],"light":[160],"emerging":[162],"concepts":[163],"identity.":[167],"Moreover,":[168],"despite":[169],"centrality":[171],"biometric":[173,185,200,255],"issues":[174],"within":[175,187],"framework":[179],"practical":[182,230],"introduction":[183],"electronic":[188,282],"national":[189],"identity":[190,226],"(eID)":[191],"cards,":[192],"there":[193],"still":[195],"no":[196],"efforts":[197],"use":[199,231],"features":[201],"for":[202,232],"identification":[204,283],"authentication":[206,252],"person":[209],"context.":[213],"This":[214],"paper":[215],"clarifies":[216],"precisely":[218],"defines":[219],"potential":[221],"impact":[222],"biometric-based":[224],"hypothesizes":[228],"its":[229],"accessing":[233],"network-based":[234],"services":[235],"applications":[237],"commonly":[238],"used":[239],"daily":[241],"life.":[242],"Using":[243],"Italian":[245],"eID":[246],"card":[247],"model,":[250],"scheme":[253,273],"leveraging":[254],"proposed,":[258],"ensuring":[259],"full":[260],"compliance":[261],"GDPR":[263],"eIDAS":[265,289],"regulations.":[266],"The":[267],"findings":[268],"suggest":[269],"that":[270],"can":[274],"significantly":[275],"improve":[276],"reliability":[280],"systems,":[284],"promoting":[285],"broader":[286],"adoption":[287],"solutions.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}