{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399238985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16060194","title":"Research on Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection and Tracking Algorithm Based on Deep Learning","display_name":"Research on Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection and Tracking Algorithm Based on Deep Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399238985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16060194"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi16060194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16060194","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/6/194/pdf?version=1717141061","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/6/194/pdf?version=1717141061","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100632560","display_name":"Rui Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-0870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021354157","display_name":"Jutao Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-3568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156189","display_name":"Shanghai Dianji University","ror":"https://ror.org/055fene14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jutao Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric Information Engineering, Shanghai Dianji University, Shuihua Rd., Shanghai 201306, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric Information Engineering, Shanghai Dianji University, Shuihua Rd., Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102878677","display_name":"Huan Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2440-714X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huan Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102878677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.2468,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48332275,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"194","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9062955975532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.7506905794143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.6464388370513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-detection","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","score":0.6181780099868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5793067216873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5769510269165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5383421182632446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44366374611854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42983412742614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32627394795417786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9062955975532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.7506905794143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.6464388370513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780156472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2355550","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","level":3,"score":0.6181780099868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5793067216873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5769510269165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5383421182632446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44366374611854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42983412742614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32627394795417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi16060194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16060194","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/6/194/pdf?version=1717141061","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:16:y:2024:i:6:p:194-:d:1406139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/6/194/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d8bbb9703324ddfbcffd12de9f0cb86","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d8bbb9703324ddfbcffd12de9f0cb86","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 16, Iss 6, p 194 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/16/6/194/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi16060194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi16060194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16060194","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/6/194/pdf?version=1717141061","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399238985.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2741620214","https://openalex.org/W2748805621","https://openalex.org/W2789621390","https://openalex.org/W2902314041","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W4206139461","https://openalex.org/W4304690682","https://openalex.org/W4317212825","https://openalex.org/W4320717244","https://openalex.org/W4381469969","https://openalex.org/W4382059335","https://openalex.org/W4386365927","https://openalex.org/W4387419618","https://openalex.org/W4387429547","https://openalex.org/W4387824330","https://openalex.org/W4388968643","https://openalex.org/W4388974684","https://openalex.org/W4389542949","https://openalex.org/W4390731952","https://openalex.org/W4390771688","https://openalex.org/W7023631131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392100589","https://openalex.org/W2512789322","https://openalex.org/W2101960027","https://openalex.org/W2197846993","https://openalex.org/W49697837","https://openalex.org/W2586575957","https://openalex.org/W3122828758","https://openalex.org/W2170799233","https://openalex.org/W2972620127","https://openalex.org/W2981141433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,80],"the":[1,21,65,116,145,170,178,208,224,228,244,249],"realm":[2],"of":[3,23,68,147,251],"intelligent":[4,137],"transportation,":[5],"pedestrian":[6,51,69,93,100,132,157],"detection":[7,22,52,78,101,133,158],"has":[8],"witnessed":[9],"significant":[10],"advancements.":[11],"However,":[12],"it":[13,232],"continues":[14],"to":[15,49,64,155,169,205,222],"grapple":[16],"with":[17,257],"challenging":[18],"issues,":[19],"notably":[20],"pedestrians":[24],"in":[25,73,77,111,196],"complex":[26,161],"lighting":[27,39],"scenarios.":[28],"Conventional":[29],"visible":[30,58,148],"light":[31,59,84,151],"mode":[32,60,85,152],"imaging":[33,61,86],"is":[34,46,139,204],"profoundly":[35],"affected":[36],"by":[37,123],"varying":[38],"conditions.":[40],"Under":[41],"optimal":[42],"daytime":[43],"lighting,":[44],"visibility":[45],"enhanced,":[47],"leading":[48],"superior":[50],"outcomes.":[53],"Conversely,":[54],"under":[55],"low-light":[56],"conditions,":[57],"falters":[62],"due":[63],"inadequate":[66],"provision":[67],"target":[70],"information,":[71],"resulting":[72],"a":[74,89,106,120,124,129,183,187,193,215],"marked":[75],"decline":[76],"efficacy.":[79],"this":[81],"context,":[82],"infrared":[83,150],"emerges":[87],"as":[88,119],"valuable":[90],"supplement,":[91],"bolstering":[92],"information":[94],"provision.":[95],"This":[96,141,201,242],"paper":[97],"delves":[98],"into":[99],"and":[102,149,192,221,234,239,254],"tracking":[103],"algorithms":[104],"within":[105,248],"multi-modal":[107,131],"image":[108,153],"framework":[109],"grounded":[110],"deep":[112],"learning":[113],"methodologies.":[114],"Leveraging":[115],"YOLOv4":[117],"algorithm":[118,134,142,181,209],"foundation,":[121],"augmented":[122],"channel":[125],"stack":[126],"fusion":[127,146],"module,":[128],"novel":[130],"tailored":[135],"for":[136,174,236],"transportation":[138],"proposed.":[140],"capitalizes":[143],"on":[144,214],"features":[154],"enhance":[156],"performance":[159],"amidst":[160],"road":[162],"environments.":[163],"Experimental":[164],"findings":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"that":[167,207],"compared":[168],"Visible-YOLOv4":[171],"algorithm,":[172],"renowned":[173],"its":[175],"high":[176],"performance,":[177],"proposed":[179],"Double-YOLOv4-CSE":[180],"exhibits":[182],"notable":[184],"improvement,":[185],"boasting":[186],"5.0%":[188],"accuracy":[189],"rate":[190],"enhancement":[191],"6.9%":[194],"reduction":[195],"logarithmic":[197],"average":[198],"missing":[199],"rate.":[200],"research\u2019s":[202],"goal":[203],"ensure":[206],"can":[210],"run":[211],"smoothly":[212],"even":[213],"low":[216],"configuration":[217],"1080":[218],"Ti":[219],"GPU":[220],"improve":[223],"algorithm\u2019s":[225],"coverage":[226],"at":[227],"application":[229],"layer,":[230],"making":[231],"affordable":[233],"practical":[235],"both":[237],"urban":[238],"rural":[240],"areas.":[241],"addresses":[243],"broader":[245],"research":[246],"problem":[247],"scope":[250],"smart":[252],"cities":[253],"remote":[255],"ends":[256],"limited":[258],"computational":[259],"power.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
