{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388496738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15110362","title":"Performance of Path Loss Models over Mid-Band and High-Band Channels for 5G Communication Networks: A Review","display_name":"Performance of Path Loss Models over Mid-Band and High-Band Channels for 5G Communication Networks: A Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388496738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15110362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15110362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15110362","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/11/362/pdf?version=1699376303","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/11/362/pdf?version=1699376303","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039900633","display_name":"Farouq E. Shaibu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5470-3965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76661892","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Minna","ror":"https://ror.org/0568y3j03","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76661892"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farouq E. Shaibu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna P.M.B 65, Niger State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5470-3965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna P.M.B 65, Niger State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76661892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001010090","display_name":"E. N. Onwuka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5981-272X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76661892","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Minna","ror":"https://ror.org/0568y3j03","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76661892"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth N. Onwuka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna P.M.B 65, Niger State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna P.M.B 65, Niger State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76661892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106166632","display_name":"Nathaniel Salawu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6247-0229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76661892","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Minna","ror":"https://ror.org/0568y3j03","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76661892"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathaniel Salawu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna P.M.B 65, Niger State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna P.M.B 65, Niger State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76661892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032718593","display_name":"Stephen S. Oyewobi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-6490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76661892","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Minna","ror":"https://ror.org/0568y3j03","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76661892"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen S. Oyewobi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna P.M.B 65, Niger State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-6490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna P.M.B 65, Niger State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76661892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025672785","display_name":"Karim Djouani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-8200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197681013","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil","ror":"https://ror.org/05ggc9x40","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197681013"]}],"countries":["FR","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim Djouani","raw_affiliation_strings":["French South African Institute of Technology (FSATI), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","LISSI Laboratory, University Paris-Est Creteil (UPEC), 94000 Creteil, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-8200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"French South African Institute of Technology (FSATI), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LISSI Laboratory, University Paris-Est Creteil (UPEC), 94000 Creteil, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197681013"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045534879","display_name":"Adnan M. Abu\u2010Mahfouz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-3924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21360634","display_name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05j00sr48","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0083, South Africa","French South African Institute of Technology (FSATI), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-3924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0083, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"French South African Institute of Technology (FSATI), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039900633"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76661892"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.4422,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89942412,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"11","first_page":"362","last_page":"362"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.8914073705673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8160521984100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4860568344593048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4770742654800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.47104668617248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.467902272939682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.45285090804100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3315945267677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2568853497505188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.8914073705673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8160521984100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4860568344593048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4770742654800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.47104668617248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.467902272939682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45285090804100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3315945267677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2568853497505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15110362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15110362","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/11/362/pdf?version=1699376303","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:15:y:2023:i:11:p:362-:d:1275846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/11/362/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:546b799ad63a4abf8aa5bb3494808821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/546b799ad63a4abf8aa5bb3494808821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 15, Iss 11, p 362 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15110362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15110362","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/11/362/pdf?version=1699376303","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388496738.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528181795","https://openalex.org/W1964808781","https://openalex.org/W1978927781","https://openalex.org/W2118305627","https://openalex.org/W2127923284","https://openalex.org/W2138687851","https://openalex.org/W2149606032","https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W2219770862","https://openalex.org/W2249053460","https://openalex.org/W2502493626","https://openalex.org/W2761353902","https://openalex.org/W2772447894","https://openalex.org/W2788671996","https://openalex.org/W2803573071","https://openalex.org/W2914148186","https://openalex.org/W2944604179","https://openalex.org/W2964124316","https://openalex.org/W2980016373","https://openalex.org/W3000408141","https://openalex.org/W3008976760","https://openalex.org/W3014079666","https://openalex.org/W3027865426","https://openalex.org/W3034602215","https://openalex.org/W3047388564","https://openalex.org/W3089537489","https://openalex.org/W3090927720","https://openalex.org/W3093528691","https://openalex.org/W3094656625","https://openalex.org/W3097713188","https://openalex.org/W3104030016","https://openalex.org/W3118128302","https://openalex.org/W3127873574","https://openalex.org/W3129088245","https://openalex.org/W3129785922","https://openalex.org/W3131021570","https://openalex.org/W3132288679","https://openalex.org/W3144372491","https://openalex.org/W3155405202","https://openalex.org/W3155935181","https://openalex.org/W3158432607","https://openalex.org/W3167069639","https://openalex.org/W3185813358","https://openalex.org/W3185896837","https://openalex.org/W3194149468","https://openalex.org/W3196838629","https://openalex.org/W3200111188","https://openalex.org/W3202342854","https://openalex.org/W3213077125","https://openalex.org/W3215716647","https://openalex.org/W4205762008","https://openalex.org/W4210272804","https://openalex.org/W4210534417","https://openalex.org/W4226065491","https://openalex.org/W4281383426","https://openalex.org/W4285122222","https://openalex.org/W4286268337","https://openalex.org/W4288095970","https://openalex.org/W4306950403","https://openalex.org/W4309047424","https://openalex.org/W4309880407","https://openalex.org/W4311389588","https://openalex.org/W4312504115","https://openalex.org/W4312599554","https://openalex.org/W4312868447","https://openalex.org/W4315630490","https://openalex.org/W4317039780","https://openalex.org/W4317436809","https://openalex.org/W4319158036","https://openalex.org/W4362514623","https://openalex.org/W4367624000","https://openalex.org/W4383752730","https://openalex.org/W6631531526","https://openalex.org/W6744571686","https://openalex.org/W6789997183","https://openalex.org/W6840461355","https://openalex.org/W6846501884","https://openalex.org/W6853055252"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W4378874356","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W3203000479","https://openalex.org/W3131627289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,115,153],"rapid":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,13,23,30,38,59,76,87,102,120,139,171,216],"5G":[4,77,113,167,242],"communication":[5,33],"networks":[6],"has":[7],"ushered":[8],"in":[9,63,72,111,159,185,209],"a":[10,27,193,255,264],"new":[11],"era":[12],"high-speed,":[14],"low-latency":[15],"wireless":[16,96],"connectivity,":[17],"as":[18,20,41,145,199,222],"well":[19],"the":[21,35,57,74,85,88,91,99,112,121,135,156,214,233,270],"enabling":[22],"transformative":[24],"technologies.":[25],"However,":[26],"crucial":[28],"aspect":[29],"ensuring":[31],"reliable":[32],"is":[34],"accurate":[36],"modeling":[37,162],"path":[39,60,123,160,207,235,266],"loss,":[40],"it":[42],"directly":[43],"impacts":[44],"signal":[45],"coverage,":[46],"interference,":[47],"and":[48,65,68,98,106,129,137,147,150,165,174,188,227,240],"overall":[49],"network":[50,225],"efficiency.":[51],"This":[52],"review":[53,218],"paper":[54],"critically":[55],"assesses":[56],"performance":[58],"loss":[61,124,161,208,236,267],"models":[62,179,184,237],"mid-band":[64,103,164,187,239,271],"high-band":[66,107,166,189,241],"frequencies":[67,110],"examines":[69],"their":[70],"effectiveness":[71],"addressing":[73],"challenges":[75],"deployment.":[78],"In":[79,169],"this":[80,217],"paper,":[81],"we":[82],"first":[83],"present":[84],"summary":[86],"background,":[89],"highlighting":[90],"increasing":[92],"demand":[93],"for":[94,163,238,269],"high-quality":[95],"connectivity":[97],"unique":[100],"characteristics":[101],"(1\u20136":[104],"GHz)":[105,109],"(>6":[108],"spectrum.":[114,273],"methodology":[116],"comprehensively":[117],"reviews":[118],"some":[119],"existing":[122],"models,":[125,141],"considering":[126,142],"both":[127,186],"empirical":[128,183,257],"machine":[130,177,250],"learning":[131,178,251],"approaches.":[132],"We":[133,212],"analyze":[134],"strengths":[136],"weaknesses":[138],"these":[140,210],"factors":[143],"such":[144],"urban":[146],"suburban":[148],"environments":[149],"indoor":[151],"scenarios.":[152],"results":[154,215],"highlight":[155],"significant":[157],"advancements":[158],"channels.":[168,243],"terms":[170],"prediction":[172],"accuracy":[173],"computing":[175],"effectiveness,":[176],"performed":[180],"better":[181],"than":[182],"frequency":[190,272],"spectra.":[191],"As":[192],"result,":[194],"they":[195,223],"might":[196],"be":[197,220],"suggested":[198],"an":[200,248],"alternative":[201],"yet":[202],"promising":[203],"approach":[204],"to":[205,219,253,262],"predicting":[206],"bands.":[211],"consider":[213],"promising,":[221],"provide":[224],"operators":[226],"researchers":[228],"with":[229,259],"valuable":[230],"insights":[231],"into":[232],"state-of-the-art":[234],"Future":[244],"work":[245],"suggests":[246],"tuning":[247],"ensemble":[249],"model":[252,258,268],"enhance":[254],"stable":[256],"multiple":[260],"parameters":[261],"develop":[263],"hybrid":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}