{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380680578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060214","title":"Task-Aware Meta Learning-Based Siamese Neural Network for Classifying Control Flow Obfuscated Malware","display_name":"Task-Aware Meta Learning-Based Siamese Neural Network for Classifying Control Flow Obfuscated Malware","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380680578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15060214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060214","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/214/pdf?version=1686733279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/214/pdf?version=1686733279","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031626010","display_name":"Jinting Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0682-1796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinting Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Lab, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0682-1796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Lab, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007979944","display_name":"Julian Jang\u2010Jaccard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1002-057X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Jang-Jaccard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Lab, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1002-057X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Lab, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075210141","display_name":"Amardeep Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1916-3347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amardeep Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Lab, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1916-3347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Lab, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074086920","display_name":"Paul Watters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1399-7175"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul A. Watters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberstronomy Pty Ltd., Melbourne 3086, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberstronomy Pty Ltd., Melbourne 3086, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084022157","display_name":"Seyit Camtepe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6353-8359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyit Camtepe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Epping 1710, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6353-8359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Epping 1710, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031626010","https://openalex.org/A5074086920"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.685,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84923782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"214","last_page":"214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.9273025989532471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8723453879356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.7517168521881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7073061466217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6163291335105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5524592995643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48974132537841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4836486577987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.4648045301437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.44651734828948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3829355239868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35001492500305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21803635358810425}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.9273025989532471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8723453879356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.7517168521881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7073061466217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6163291335105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5524592995643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48974132537841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4836486577987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.4648045301437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.44651734828948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3829355239868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35001492500305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21803635358810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15060214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060214","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/214/pdf?version=1686733279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:15:y:2023:i:6:p:214-:d:1170782","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/214/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:efd4e2acc61b4e26a4ed324afe3f9886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/efd4e2acc61b4e26a4ed324afe3f9886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 214 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/15/6/214/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15060214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 214","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15060214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060214","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/214/pdf?version=1686733279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8952932116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MAUX1912","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","ror":"https://ror.org/02jtq1b51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380680578.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998270967","https://openalex.org/W2151502878","https://openalex.org/W2233081671","https://openalex.org/W2397347223","https://openalex.org/W2514565409","https://openalex.org/W2518866423","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2565064768","https://openalex.org/W2591102410","https://openalex.org/W2737578512","https://openalex.org/W2756717461","https://openalex.org/W2769669597","https://openalex.org/W2783615536","https://openalex.org/W2789247308","https://openalex.org/W2792095806","https://openalex.org/W2795033129","https://openalex.org/W2795063185","https://openalex.org/W2798836702","https://openalex.org/W2801888526","https://openalex.org/W2806076636","https://openalex.org/W2887787078","https://openalex.org/W2895451333","https://openalex.org/W2901561143","https://openalex.org/W2905130735","https://openalex.org/W2911303748","https://openalex.org/W2912255229","https://openalex.org/W2939926088","https://openalex.org/W2943383044","https://openalex.org/W2962802821","https://openalex.org/W2962909855","https://openalex.org/W2963558162","https://openalex.org/W2974072230","https://openalex.org/W2978600004","https://openalex.org/W2981091784","https://openalex.org/W2993999308","https://openalex.org/W3000318628","https://openalex.org/W3004280948","https://openalex.org/W3008497156","https://openalex.org/W3019875810","https://openalex.org/W3020985685","https://openalex.org/W3049201419","https://openalex.org/W3080802004","https://openalex.org/W3088376608","https://openalex.org/W3091905774","https://openalex.org/W3102376457","https://openalex.org/W3120795858","https://openalex.org/W3200723554","https://openalex.org/W3209469313","https://openalex.org/W3215200159","https://openalex.org/W4214714410","https://openalex.org/W4220768885","https://openalex.org/W4317214084","https://openalex.org/W6765863154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2620652965","https://openalex.org/W2024170198","https://openalex.org/W4296272594","https://openalex.org/W2900526031","https://openalex.org/W2289039654","https://openalex.org/W2728713145","https://openalex.org/W2470502009","https://openalex.org/W2131332603","https://openalex.org/W2072617132","https://openalex.org/W4360993664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malware":[0],"authors":[1],"apply":[2],"different":[3,31,113],"techniques":[4],"of":[5,69,84,117,153,173,203],"control":[6,75],"flow":[7,76],"obfuscation,":[8],"in":[9,41,46,90,182,200,223],"order":[10],"to":[11,16,28,92,105,159,194,231],"create":[12],"new":[13],"malware":[14,24,32,37,70,86,114,121,130,185,190,197,205],"variants":[15,71],"avoid":[17,160],"detection.":[18],"Existing":[19],"Siamese":[20,60],"neural":[21],"network":[22,156],"(SNN)-based":[23],"detection":[25],"methods":[26],"fail":[27],"correctly":[29,188],"classify":[30,129],"families":[33],"when":[34],"such":[35,74],"obfuscated":[36,120,204],"samples":[38,142,191],"are":[39,135],"present":[40],"the":[42,67,80,93,99,102,109,150,161,195,201],"training":[43,141,174],"dataset,":[44],"resulting":[45],"high":[47],"false-positive":[48],"rates.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"this":[52],"issue,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"a":[56,139,154,166,170,227],"novel":[57],"task-aware":[58],"few-shot-learning-based":[59],"Neural":[61],"Network":[62],"that":[63,192,217],"is":[64,179,220],"resilient":[65],"against":[66],"presence":[68,202],"affected":[72],"by":[73,211],"obfuscation":[77],"techniques.":[78],"Using":[79],"average":[81],"entropy":[82],"features":[83,152],"each":[85,116],"family":[87],"as":[88],"inputs,":[89],"addition":[91],"image":[94],"features,":[95],"our":[96,125,218],"model":[97,145,167,219],"generates":[98],"parameters":[100],"for":[101,112],"feature":[103,110],"layers,":[104],"more":[106],"accurately":[107],"adjust":[108],"embedding":[111],"families,":[115],"which":[118],"has":[119],"variants.":[122,206],"In":[123],"addition,":[124],"proposed":[126,177],"method":[127],"can":[128],"classes,":[131],"even":[132,199],"if":[133],"there":[134],"only":[136],"one":[137],"or":[138],"few":[140],"available.":[143],"Our":[144,176,207],"utilizes":[146],"few-shot":[147],"learning":[148],"with":[149,165,169],"extracted":[151],"pre-trained":[155],"(e.g.,":[157],"VGG-16),":[158],"bias":[162],"typically":[163],"associated":[164],"trained":[168],"limited":[171],"number":[172],"samples.":[175],"approach":[178],"highly":[180,221],"effective":[181,222],"recognizing":[183],"unique":[184],"signatures,":[186],"thus":[187],"classifying":[189],"belong":[193],"same":[196],"family,":[198],"experimental":[208],"results,":[209],"validated":[210],"N-way":[212],"on":[213],"N-shot":[214],"learning,":[215],"show":[216],"classification":[224],"accuracy,":[225],"exceeding":[226],"rate":[228],"&gt;91%,":[229],"compared":[230],"other":[232],"similar":[233],"methods.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2023-06-15T00:00:00"}
