{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378903134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060200","title":"Securing Wireless Sensor Networks Using Machine Learning and Blockchain: A Review","display_name":"Securing Wireless Sensor Networks Using Machine Learning and Blockchain: A Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378903134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15060200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060200","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/200/pdf?version=1686191696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/200/pdf?version=1686191696","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029165876","display_name":"Shereen Ismail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-1648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shereen Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-1648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059506565","display_name":"Diana W. Dawoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana W. Dawoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai 14143, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2134","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai 14143, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064528963","display_name":"Hassan Reza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7593-9624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Reza","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029165876"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":31.0572,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99731024,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"200","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8526319861412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7166150212287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enabling","display_name":"Enabling","score":0.7103354334831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.7100429534912109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underpinning","display_name":"Underpinning","score":0.6814494132995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6342989206314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.630159854888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5769989490509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.25765109062194824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8526319861412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7166150212287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.7103354334831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.7100429534912109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780871342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7883752","display_name":"Underpinning","level":2,"score":0.6814494132995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6342989206314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.630159854888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5769989490509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.25765109062194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15060200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060200","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/200/pdf?version=1686191696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:15:y:2023:i:6:p:200-:d:1160101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/200/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:706dad21e4fd40929b0133ad6b560e58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/706dad21e4fd40929b0133ad6b560e58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 200 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/15/6/200/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15060200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 200","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15060200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060200","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/200/pdf?version=1686191696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378903134.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":163,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503644894","https://openalex.org/W2008702817","https://openalex.org/W2082629633","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2107528096","https://openalex.org/W2128569883","https://openalex.org/W2130639236","https://openalex.org/W2144408302","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2339206309","https://openalex.org/W2525336835","https://openalex.org/W2536283463","https://openalex.org/W2744289320","https://openalex.org/W2751026114","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2774802253","https://openalex.org/W2785618025","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2792483895","https://openalex.org/W2796307943","https://openalex.org/W2803905603","https://openalex.org/W2804240489","https://openalex.org/W2806182001","https://openalex.org/W2810758739","https://openalex.org/W2811296488","https://openalex.org/W2885316547","https://openalex.org/W2886822894","https://openalex.org/W2887249653","https://openalex.org/W2887731362","https://openalex.org/W2888728157","https://openalex.org/W2889979179","https://openalex.org/W2890159601","https://openalex.org/W2895570089","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2897996256","https://openalex.org/W2899381463","https://openalex.org/W2901904672","https://openalex.org/W2903023342","https://openalex.org/W2909204671","https://openalex.org/W2909295468","https://openalex.org/W2910815950","https://openalex.org/W2912439370","https://openalex.org/W2913497771","https://openalex.org/W2915872201","https://openalex.org/W2915969651","https://openalex.org/W2916641566","https://openalex.org/W2916782742","https://openalex.org/W2920852263","https://openalex.org/W2921052805","https://openalex.org/W2923157079","https://openalex.org/W2940934424","https://openalex.org/W2942141607","https://openalex.org/W2953682745","https://openalex.org/W2959829077","https://openalex.org/W2962459360","https://openalex.org/W2963318081","https://openalex.org/W2963504866","https://openalex.org/W2963694286","https://openalex.org/W2968654610","https://openalex.org/W2969971691","https://openalex.org/W2970420643","https://openalex.org/W2972266205","https://openalex.org/W2983008824","https://openalex.org/W2995851867","https://openalex.org/W2997414109","https://openalex.org/W2998977406","https://openalex.org/W3000455992","https://openalex.org/W3004018737","https://openalex.org/W3004627947","https://openalex.org/W3005013321","https://openalex.org/W3007690081","https://openalex.org/W3013055564","https://openalex.org/W3013579342","https://openalex.org/W3015246755","https://openalex.org/W3015471529","https://openalex.org/W3021649193","https://openalex.org/W3025696092","https://openalex.org/W3033687435","https://openalex.org/W3043758338","https://openalex.org/W3046697349","https://openalex.org/W3080121779","https://openalex.org/W3082171244","https://openalex.org/W3082365360","https://openalex.org/W3088249606","https://openalex.org/W3091917645","https://openalex.org/W3093884144","https://openalex.org/W3095752837","https://openalex.org/W3100144320","https://openalex.org/W3103682204","https://openalex.org/W3106312933","https://openalex.org/W3111099923","https://openalex.org/W3111635317","https://openalex.org/W3112200194","https://openalex.org/W3112203567","https://openalex.org/W3116712857","https://openalex.org/W3120131265","https://openalex.org/W3122385966","https://openalex.org/W3124748367","https://openalex.org/W3126862722","https://openalex.org/W3128470182","https://openalex.org/W3129682923","https://openalex.org/W3133065136","https://openalex.org/W3133713521","https://openalex.org/W3134079257","https://openalex.org/W3152249393","https://openalex.org/W3156239863","https://openalex.org/W3159683430","https://openalex.org/W3161578706","https://openalex.org/W3162846589","https://openalex.org/W3167777207","https://openalex.org/W3168047084","https://openalex.org/W3174238363","https://openalex.org/W3175217968","https://openalex.org/W3182418041","https://openalex.org/W3186745123","https://openalex.org/W3186800698","https://openalex.org/W3188386427","https://openalex.org/W3190326634","https://openalex.org/W3190742248","https://openalex.org/W3196976328","https://openalex.org/W3202030867","https://openalex.org/W3210961427","https://openalex.org/W3212137514","https://openalex.org/W3214506038","https://openalex.org/W3215519659","https://openalex.org/W3215591778","https://openalex.org/W4206297860","https://openalex.org/W4206690576","https://openalex.org/W4206769398","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4214849306","https://openalex.org/W4223930898","https://openalex.org/W4224144197","https://openalex.org/W4238960800","https://openalex.org/W4249137644","https://openalex.org/W4250821708","https://openalex.org/W4283366757","https://openalex.org/W4285101242","https://openalex.org/W4285180265","https://openalex.org/W4285407529","https://openalex.org/W4286212644","https://openalex.org/W4289175723","https://openalex.org/W4289717319","https://openalex.org/W4290928308","https://openalex.org/W4293733616","https://openalex.org/W4296466707","https://openalex.org/W4307419974","https://openalex.org/W4310720245","https://openalex.org/W4316660987","https://openalex.org/W4319299441","https://openalex.org/W4366259388","https://openalex.org/W6630094298","https://openalex.org/W6675810010","https://openalex.org/W6703907677","https://openalex.org/W6743531249","https://openalex.org/W6748503732","https://openalex.org/W6772481838","https://openalex.org/W6782006879","https://openalex.org/W6789991194","https://openalex.org/W6791900901","https://openalex.org/W6796391727","https://openalex.org/W6806758432","https://openalex.org/W6948305569"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W3022085703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"an":[1],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,18,32,47,110,113],"Things":[4],"(IoT)":[5],"technological":[6],"key":[7],"enabler,":[8],"Wireless":[9],"Sensor":[10],"Networks":[11],"(WSNs)":[12],"are":[13],"prone":[14],"to":[15,42,57],"different":[16],"kinds":[17],"cyberattacks.":[19],"WSNs":[20],"have":[21,25,63],"unique":[22],"characteristics,":[23],"and":[24,36,59,77,84,100,118,128,139,145],"several":[26],"limitations":[27],"which":[28],"complicate":[29],"the":[30,48,95,124],"design":[31,126],"effective":[33],"attack":[34],"prevention":[35,120],"detection":[37,117],"techniques.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40,96,131],"aims":[41],"provide":[43],"a":[44,104,135,149],"comprehensive":[45],"understanding":[46],"fundamental":[49],"principles":[50],"underlying":[51],"cybersecurity":[52],"in":[53,66,92,121],"WSNs.":[54,93],"In":[55],"addition":[56],"current":[58],"envisioned":[60],"solutions":[61],"that":[62,108],"been":[64],"studied":[65],"detail,":[67],"this":[68],"review":[69],"primarily":[70],"focuses":[71],"on":[72],"state-of-the-art":[73],"Machine":[74],"Learning":[75],"(ML)":[76],"Blockchain":[78],"(BC)":[79],"security":[80,90,106],"techniques":[81],"by":[82,133],"studying":[83],"analyzing":[85],"164":[86],"up-to-date":[87],"publications":[88],"highlighting":[89,142],"aspect":[91],"Then,":[94],"discusses":[97],"integrating":[98],"BC":[99,138,144],"ML":[101,140,146],"towards":[102],"developing":[103],"lightweight":[105],"framework":[107],"consists":[109],"two":[111],"lines":[112],"defence,":[114],"i.e,":[115],"cyberattack":[116,119],"WSNs,":[122],"emphasizing":[123],"relevant":[125],"insights":[127],"challenges.":[129],"The":[130],"concludes":[132],"presenting":[134],"proposed":[136],"integrated":[137],"solution":[141],"potential":[143],"algorithms":[147],"underpinning":[148],"less":[150],"computationally":[151],"demanding":[152],"solution.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2023-06-01T00:00:00"}
