{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378574344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060192","title":"ChatGPT and Open-AI Models: A Preliminary Review","display_name":"ChatGPT and Open-AI Models: A Preliminary Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378574344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15060192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060192","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/192/pdf?version=1685089354","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/192/pdf?version=1685089354","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077820227","display_name":"Konstantinos I. Roumeliotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-1616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158716096","display_name":"University of Peloponnese","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4d3c02","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158716096"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos I. Roumeliotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Peloponnese, 221 00 Tripoli, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-1616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Peloponnese, 221 00 Tripoli, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158716096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039512085","display_name":"Nikolaos D. Tselikas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5799-3558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158716096","display_name":"University of Peloponnese","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4d3c02","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158716096"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos D. Tselikas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Peloponnese, 221 00 Tripoli, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5799-3558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Peloponnese, 221 00 Tripoli, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158716096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039512085"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158716096"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":20.2232,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":698,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99460189,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"192","last_page":"192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8810724020004272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6432920694351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5986815690994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5504164695739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4658651649951935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.4536712169647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.4445019066333771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4379641115665436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.36946260929107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36098477244377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07009837031364441}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8810724020004272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6432920694351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5986815690994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5504164695739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4658651649951935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.4536712169647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.4445019066333771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4379641115665436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.36946260929107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36098477244377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07009837031364441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15060192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060192","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/192/pdf?version=1685089354","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:15:y:2023:i:6:p:192-:d:1156389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/192/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0961ae0d6e034205b454a1c5e5e7e951","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0961ae0d6e034205b454a1c5e5e7e951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 192 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/15/6/192/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15060192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 192","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15060192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060192","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/192/pdf?version=1685089354","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378574344.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2470422954","https://openalex.org/W2902813639","https://openalex.org/W2911109671","https://openalex.org/W2911227954","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963212250","https://openalex.org/W2963223306","https://openalex.org/W2963809228","https://openalex.org/W2963825865","https://openalex.org/W2965463054","https://openalex.org/W2977683229","https://openalex.org/W2982756474","https://openalex.org/W2996851481","https://openalex.org/W3014773921","https://openalex.org/W3034723486","https://openalex.org/W3121523901","https://openalex.org/W3166298099","https://openalex.org/W3177096435","https://openalex.org/W3216055172","https://openalex.org/W4225279541","https://openalex.org/W4310154532","https://openalex.org/W4313262066","https://openalex.org/W4317910584","https://openalex.org/W4318014888","https://openalex.org/W4318066391","https://openalex.org/W4318591734","https://openalex.org/W4318612697","https://openalex.org/W4319312380","https://openalex.org/W4319662928","https://openalex.org/W4320489204","https://openalex.org/W4320920036","https://openalex.org/W4321106177","https://openalex.org/W4321167341","https://openalex.org/W4321435202","https://openalex.org/W4321482607","https://openalex.org/W4321499901","https://openalex.org/W4321601639","https://openalex.org/W4322500537","https://openalex.org/W4323043839","https://openalex.org/W4323338414","https://openalex.org/W4323338447","https://openalex.org/W4323545986","https://openalex.org/W4327500636","https://openalex.org/W4327946446","https://openalex.org/W4360847209","https://openalex.org/W4361002760","https://openalex.org/W4361029998","https://openalex.org/W4361030007","https://openalex.org/W4361030040","https://openalex.org/W4363677448","https://openalex.org/W4363678768","https://openalex.org/W4364360662","https://openalex.org/W4364360686","https://openalex.org/W4365452292","https://openalex.org/W4366377796","https://openalex.org/W4366392287","https://openalex.org/W4366692100","https://openalex.org/W4366828769","https://openalex.org/W4379410101","https://openalex.org/W4383046944","https://openalex.org/W4385302156","https://openalex.org/W4389523957","https://openalex.org/W4392669753","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6757183492","https://openalex.org/W6767643807","https://openalex.org/W6804644842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288263119","https://openalex.org/W3015724364","https://openalex.org/W2967994095","https://openalex.org/W4226226396","https://openalex.org/W4285240985","https://openalex.org/W2900126711","https://openalex.org/W760396729","https://openalex.org/W4286930972","https://openalex.org/W4308854837","https://openalex.org/W3153750606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1,22,41,47,91,98,109],"numerous":[2],"reports,":[3],"ChatGPT":[4,15],"represents":[5],"a":[6,17,66],"significant":[7],"breakthrough":[8],"in":[9,24,102],"the":[10,56,70,77,86,94,103,106,114],"field":[11],"of":[12,55,62,69,82,88,113],"artificial":[13],"intelligence.":[14],"is":[16],"pre-trained":[18],"AI":[19],"model":[20],"designed":[21],"engage":[23],"natural":[25],"language":[26],"conversations,":[27],"utilizing":[28],"sophisticated":[29],"techniques":[30],"from":[31],"Natural":[32],"Language":[33],"Processing":[34],"(NLP),":[35],"Supervised":[36],"Learning,":[37],"and":[38,43,59,121],"Reinforcement":[39],"Learning":[40],"comprehend":[42],"generate":[44],"text":[45],"comparable":[46],"human-generated":[48],"text.":[49],"This":[50],"article":[51,75],"provides":[52],"an":[53,111],"overview":[54],"training":[57],"process":[58],"fundamental":[60],"functionality":[61],"ChatGPT,":[63],"accompanied":[64],"by":[65],"preliminary":[67],"review":[68,81],"relevant":[71],"literature.":[72],"Notably,":[73],"this":[74,83],"presents":[76],"first":[78],"comprehensive":[79],"literature":[80],"technology":[84],"at":[85],"time":[87],"publication,":[89],"aiming":[90],"aggregate":[92],"all":[93],"available":[95],"pertinent":[96],"articles":[97],"facilitate":[99],"further":[100],"developments":[101],"field.":[104],"Ultimately,":[105],"authors":[107],"aim":[108],"offer":[110],"appraisal":[112],"technology\u2019s":[115],"potential":[116,125],"implications":[117],"on":[118],"existing":[119],"knowledge":[120],"technology,":[122],"along":[123],"with":[124],"challenges":[126],"that":[127],"must":[128],"be":[129],"addressed.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":276},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":269},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":69}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
