{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361277487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040130","title":"Resampling Imbalanced Network Intrusion Datasets to Identify Rare Attacks","display_name":"Resampling Imbalanced Network Intrusion Datasets to Identify Rare Attacks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361277487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15040130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040130","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/4/130/pdf?version=1680081869","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/4/130/pdf?version=1680081869","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038428882","display_name":"Sikha Bagui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-4582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sikha Bagui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-4582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sikha Bagui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-4582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sikha Bagui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-4582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018128355","display_name":"Dustin Mink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-3890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dustin Mink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-3890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110966564","display_name":"Subhash Bagui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Subhash Bagui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110966564","display_name":"Subhash Bagui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhash Bagui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019671434","display_name":"Sakthivel Subramaniam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakthivel Subramaniam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071430304","display_name":"Daniel J. Wallace","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2502-1372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Wallace","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110966564"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.2913,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88604557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"130","last_page":"130"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undersampling","display_name":"Undersampling","score":0.9969806671142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"Oversampling","score":0.893548846244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.770004391670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7407926917076111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resampling","display_name":"Resampling","score":0.5960352420806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.42218726873397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39858633279800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39792540669441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36925044655799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.323769211769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.12292730808258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.09705764055252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.06718623638153076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136536468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225894","display_name":"Undersampling","level":2,"score":0.9969806671142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.893548846244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.770004391670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7407926917076111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150921843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1170431","display_name":"Resampling","level":2,"score":0.5960352420806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.42218726873397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39858633279800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39792540669441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36925044655799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.323769211769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.12292730808258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.09705764055252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.06718623638153076}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15040130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040130","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/4/130/pdf?version=1680081869","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:130-:d:1110552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/4/130/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f45985f4a590483e83755a0fde3407ea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f45985f4a590483e83755a0fde3407ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 15, Iss 4, p 130 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/15/4/130/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15040130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 15; Issue 4; Pages: 130","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15040130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040130","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/4/130/pdf?version=1680081869","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6541958598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H98230-21-1-0170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","funder_display_name":"National Security Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","display_name":"National Security Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0047bvr32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361277487.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986515506","https://openalex.org/W2023639956","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2132791018","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2185967890","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2965531700","https://openalex.org/W3001147583","https://openalex.org/W3104239639","https://openalex.org/W3109522940","https://openalex.org/W3126752450","https://openalex.org/W3165127907","https://openalex.org/W3199294801","https://openalex.org/W4212902194","https://openalex.org/W4306964299","https://openalex.org/W4315699905","https://openalex.org/W6686573650","https://openalex.org/W6808356161"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308469503","https://openalex.org/W32988189","https://openalex.org/W2904737874","https://openalex.org/W4389233021","https://openalex.org/W2399571531","https://openalex.org/W80466363","https://openalex.org/W2947132063","https://openalex.org/W4288337828","https://openalex.org/W2023639956","https://openalex.org/W3188632291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,50],"study,":[1],"focusing":[2],"on":[3],"identifying":[4],"rare":[5,67],"attacks":[6],"in":[7,62],"imbalanced":[8],"network":[9],"intrusion":[10],"datasets,":[11],"explored":[12],"the":[13,35,45,90],"effect":[14],"of":[15,19,92,95],"using":[16],"different":[17],"ratios":[18,56,94],"oversampled":[20,96],"to":[21],"undersampled":[22],"data":[23,39],"for":[24,89],"binary":[25],"classification.":[26],"Two":[27],"designs":[28],"were":[29],"compared:":[30],"random":[31,41,58,73,82],"undersampling":[32,42,74,83],"before":[33,75],"splitting":[34,44,76],"training":[36,46],"and":[37,40,47],"testing":[38,48],"after":[43,84],"data.":[49,97],"study":[51],"also":[52],"examines":[53],"how":[54],"oversampling/undersampling":[55],"affect":[57],"forest":[59],"classification":[60,79],"rates":[61],"datasets":[63],"with":[64,86],"minority":[65],"dataor":[66],"attacks.":[68],"The":[69],"results":[70],"suggest":[71],"that":[72],"gives":[77],"better":[78],"rates;":[80],"however,":[81],"oversampling":[85],"BSMOTE":[87],"allows":[88],"use":[91],"lower":[93]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T06:15:21.484131","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
