{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361297500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040129","title":"Addressing ZSM Security Issues with Blockchain Technology","display_name":"Addressing ZSM Security Issues with Blockchain Technology","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361297500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15040129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040129","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/4/129/pdf?version=1680013846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/4/129/pdf?version=1680013846","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084314092","display_name":"Michael G. Xevgenis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-1082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Xevgenis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 43 Attica, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-1082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 43 Attica, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077839928","display_name":"Dimitrios G. Kogias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8985-6136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios G. Kogias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 43 Attica, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 43 Attica, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011492909","display_name":"Panagiotis Karkazis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4971-826X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis A. Karkazis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 43 Attica, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4971-826X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 43 Attica, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008700225","display_name":"Helen C. Leligou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-1495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helen C. Leligou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 43 Attica, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-1495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 43 Attica, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011492909"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.7287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84851163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"129","last_page":"129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8484970331192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-management","display_name":"Network management","score":0.5895305871963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5188116431236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"Software-defined networking","score":0.5171277523040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.46978798508644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.44869565963745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-experience","display_name":"Quality of experience","score":0.43606099486351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.4226917326450348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.4125833213329315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39016151428222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37893053889274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1402917504310608}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8484970331192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129763632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454667","display_name":"Network management","level":2,"score":0.5895305871963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5188116431236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.5171277523040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.46978798508644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.44869565963745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779333187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3132648","display_name":"Quality of experience","level":3,"score":0.43606099486351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4226917326450348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4125833213329315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39016151428222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37893053889274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1402917504310608}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15040129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040129","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/4/129/pdf?version=1680013846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:129-:d:1110000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/4/129/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41b8654a99ef44919c87363b197939af","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41b8654a99ef44919c87363b197939af","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 15, Iss 4, p 129 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/15/4/129/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15040129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 15; Issue 4; Pages: 129","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15040129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040129","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/4/129/pdf?version=1680013846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361297500.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101454757","https://openalex.org/W2538737679","https://openalex.org/W2883786510","https://openalex.org/W2964044673","https://openalex.org/W2964302640","https://openalex.org/W2991779680","https://openalex.org/W3005719348","https://openalex.org/W3006614673","https://openalex.org/W3017021688","https://openalex.org/W3087991973","https://openalex.org/W3088931446","https://openalex.org/W3091316168","https://openalex.org/W3111018641","https://openalex.org/W3119386769","https://openalex.org/W3125409609","https://openalex.org/W3127447975","https://openalex.org/W3130493776","https://openalex.org/W3134704784","https://openalex.org/W3184536726","https://openalex.org/W3185634836","https://openalex.org/W3196711841","https://openalex.org/W3206987495","https://openalex.org/W3208855210","https://openalex.org/W3208911040","https://openalex.org/W3215126053","https://openalex.org/W4213457228","https://openalex.org/W4225747846","https://openalex.org/W4285411108","https://openalex.org/W4313492199","https://openalex.org/W4323663079","https://openalex.org/W6803286960"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079417790","https://openalex.org/W58944773","https://openalex.org/W1992059001","https://openalex.org/W2794617229","https://openalex.org/W2793291865","https://openalex.org/W1984267261","https://openalex.org/W2472522135","https://openalex.org/W2384267957","https://openalex.org/W2910175092","https://openalex.org/W2347249702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Undoubtedly,":[0],"we":[1,208,243,262,282],"are":[2,80,97,184],"witnessing":[3],"a":[4,248],"new":[5,123],"era":[6],"of":[7,22,53,100,107,122,166,199,212,247,266],"computer":[8],"networks":[9],"that":[10,34,127,148,252,293],"aspire":[11],"to":[12,25,119,161,275,285,297,299],"support":[13],"modern":[14],"demanding":[15],"applications":[16],"by":[17,189,234],"providing":[18],"the":[19,26,50,54,62,66,75,98,101,111,115,120,142,167,190,197,205,210,231,235,245,254,264,290,301],"highest":[20],"Quality":[21],"Experience":[23],"(QoE)":[24],"end":[27],"user.":[28],"Next":[29],"Generations":[30],"Networks":[31,90],"(NGNs)":[32],"ensure":[33],"characteristics":[35],"such":[36,152,229],"as":[37,83,153,230],"ultra-low":[38],"latency,":[39],"high":[40,105],"availability":[41],"and":[42,85,92,110,130,132,157,257,269,280],"wide":[43],"service":[44,181],"coverage":[45],"can":[46],"be":[47],"met":[48],"across":[49,171],"network":[51,55,77,116,124,168,180,202,250],"regardless":[52],"infrastructure":[56,251],"ownership.":[57],"To":[58],"accomplish":[59],"that,":[60],"beyond":[61],"necessary":[63],"improvements":[64],"in":[65,74,114,226],"radio":[67],"propagation":[68],"field,":[69],"changes":[70,113],"have":[71],"been":[72],"made":[73],"core":[76],"functions":[78],"which":[79,193],"now":[81],"characterized":[82],"programmable,":[84],"software":[86],"defined.":[87],"Software":[88],"Defined":[89],"(SDNs)":[91],"Network":[93],"Function":[94],"Virtualization":[95],"(NFV)":[96],"keystones":[99],"NGNs":[102],"flexibility.":[103],"The":[104],"expectations":[106],"NGNs\u2019":[108],"performance":[109],"continuous":[112],"conditions":[117],"lead":[118],"development":[121],"management":[125,170],"frameworks":[126],"add":[128],"elasticity":[129],"dynamicity":[131],"minimize":[133],"human":[134],"intervention.":[135],"ETSI":[136],"(the":[137],"European":[138],"Standards":[139],"Organization)":[140],"presents":[141],"Zero-touch":[143],"Service":[144],"Management":[145],"(ZSM)":[146],"framework":[147],"uses":[149],"hyped":[150],"technologies":[151,272],"Artificial":[154],"Intelligence":[155],"(AI)":[156],"Machine":[158],"Learning":[159],"(ML)":[160],"achieve":[162],"full":[163],"end-to-end":[164],"automation":[165],"services\u2019":[169],"one":[172],"or":[173],"many":[174],"different":[175,267],"domains.":[176],"Focusing":[177],"on":[178,289],"multi-domain":[179,249],"management,":[182],"there":[183],"several":[185],"security":[186,219,225,278],"issues":[187],"identified":[188],"standardization":[191],"team":[192],"mostly":[194],"derive":[195],"from":[196],"lack":[198],"trust":[200],"among":[201],"providers.":[203],"In":[204],"present":[206],"research,":[207],"explore":[209,263],"suitability":[211],"blockchain":[213,259,268],"technology":[214,222],"adoption":[215,265],"for":[216],"facing":[217],"these":[218],"issues.":[220],"Blockchain":[221],"inherently":[223],"addresses":[224],"trustless":[227],"environments":[228],"infrastructures":[232],"defined":[233],"ZSM":[236,255,277],"team.":[237],"Our":[238],"contribution":[239],"is":[240],"three-fold:":[241],"(a)":[242],"define":[244],"architecture":[246],"adopts":[253],"approach":[256],"integrates":[258],"functionality,":[260],"(b)":[261],"distributed":[270],"ledger":[271],"(DLT)":[273],"approaches":[274],"address":[276],"needs":[279],"(c)":[281],"provide":[283],"guidelines":[284],"prospective":[286],"solution":[287,295],"designers/implementers":[288],"detailed":[291],"requirements":[292],"this":[294],"has":[296],"meet":[298],"maximize":[300],"offered":[302],"value.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}