{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311120686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14120363","title":"TinyML for Ultra-Low Power AI and Large Scale IoT Deployments: A Systematic Review","display_name":"TinyML for Ultra-Low Power AI and Large Scale IoT Deployments: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311120686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14120363"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14120363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14120363","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/12/363/pdf?version=1670312080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/12/363/pdf?version=1670312080","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076593069","display_name":"Nikolaos Schizas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8490-6544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Schizas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8490-6544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010990835","display_name":"Aristeidis Karras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4632-6511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aristeidis Karras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4632-6511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012988436","display_name":"Christos Karras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4253-7661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Karras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4253-7661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065914489","display_name":"Spyros Sioutas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-5565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spyros Sioutas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-5565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010990835"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":21.5098,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":177,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9971152,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"363","last_page":"363"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8790621757507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7907410860061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lpwan","display_name":"LPWAN","score":0.6704493761062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.5662621259689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5661574602127075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.47654563188552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47099846601486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.38653185963630676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8790621757507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7907410860061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20706829","display_name":"LPWAN","level":3,"score":0.6704493761062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.5662621259689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5661574602127075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.47654563188552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47099846601486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38653185963630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14120363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14120363","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/12/363/pdf?version=1670312080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:14:y:2022:i:12:p:363-:d:994657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/12/363/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3d1a4ec42bc42be863dc191e3c7f1b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3d1a4ec42bc42be863dc191e3c7f1b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 363 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/14/12/363/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14120363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14120363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14120363","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/12/363/pdf?version=1670312080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311120686.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":121,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2273675851","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2422021507","https://openalex.org/W2490345425","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2599557761","https://openalex.org/W2732951378","https://openalex.org/W2755063345","https://openalex.org/W2762644836","https://openalex.org/W2789391890","https://openalex.org/W2792848070","https://openalex.org/W2807731816","https://openalex.org/W2889339831","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2898242456","https://openalex.org/W2898646670","https://openalex.org/W2901008672","https://openalex.org/W2909426301","https://openalex.org/W2935381027","https://openalex.org/W2944604407","https://openalex.org/W2962883549","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963221280","https://openalex.org/W2981587265","https://openalex.org/W2982479999","https://openalex.org/W2982656930","https://openalex.org/W2985099516","https://openalex.org/W2985727781","https://openalex.org/W2996874060","https://openalex.org/W2997703253","https://openalex.org/W3007729836","https://openalex.org/W3011446644","https://openalex.org/W3013186616","https://openalex.org/W3021575660","https://openalex.org/W3023935494","https://openalex.org/W3025338511","https://openalex.org/W3028019732","https://openalex.org/W3036554530","https://openalex.org/W3043397361","https://openalex.org/W3044604993","https://openalex.org/W3067862503","https://openalex.org/W3095048002","https://openalex.org/W3096106062","https://openalex.org/W3097976071","https://openalex.org/W3099185017","https://openalex.org/W3104849992","https://openalex.org/W3105969885","https://openalex.org/W3107838996","https://openalex.org/W3110529155","https://openalex.org/W3111785889","https://openalex.org/W3118602635","https://openalex.org/W3120418020","https://openalex.org/W3120768119","https://openalex.org/W3122605355","https://openalex.org/W3123098613","https://openalex.org/W3126648604","https://openalex.org/W3128155691","https://openalex.org/W3129911950","https://openalex.org/W3130426661","https://openalex.org/W3131298139","https://openalex.org/W3133467415","https://openalex.org/W3134092191","https://openalex.org/W3134436540","https://openalex.org/W3134579744","https://openalex.org/W3137578919","https://openalex.org/W3158406784","https://openalex.org/W3161834345","https://openalex.org/W3162713913","https://openalex.org/W3162722976","https://openalex.org/W3169383506","https://openalex.org/W3174833680","https://openalex.org/W3175915085","https://openalex.org/W3177140588","https://openalex.org/W3178661111","https://openalex.org/W3179165075","https://openalex.org/W3192834397","https://openalex.org/W3198316526","https://openalex.org/W3199421948","https://openalex.org/W3201637954","https://openalex.org/W3202659011","https://openalex.org/W3202905974","https://openalex.org/W3203592713","https://openalex.org/W3204011231","https://openalex.org/W3206570088","https://openalex.org/W3206897259","https://openalex.org/W3212644621","https://openalex.org/W3213154195","https://openalex.org/W3216221236","https://openalex.org/W3216696089","https://openalex.org/W3217229874","https://openalex.org/W4200148030","https://openalex.org/W4200479789","https://openalex.org/W4206802598","https://openalex.org/W4206897092","https://openalex.org/W4206988008","https://openalex.org/W4207065519","https://openalex.org/W4213435163","https://openalex.org/W4214939762","https://openalex.org/W4224230842","https://openalex.org/W4226017031","https://openalex.org/W4226267483","https://openalex.org/W4226392654","https://openalex.org/W4280527816","https://openalex.org/W4282025104","https://openalex.org/W4285123134","https://openalex.org/W4285148770","https://openalex.org/W4285185865","https://openalex.org/W4285283834","https://openalex.org/W4285303407","https://openalex.org/W4285328131","https://openalex.org/W4286248462","https://openalex.org/W4286572030","https://openalex.org/W4288389131","https://openalex.org/W4289308614","https://openalex.org/W4308088190","https://openalex.org/W4308088218","https://openalex.org/W4312837670","https://openalex.org/W6775336022","https://openalex.org/W6780827055","https://openalex.org/W6803030558","https://openalex.org/W6804716268"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2888892063","https://openalex.org/W2740439328","https://openalex.org/W3088070213","https://openalex.org/W2901309327","https://openalex.org/W3125356464","https://openalex.org/W2923934659","https://openalex.org/W2952763095","https://openalex.org/W2979151211","https://openalex.org/W2899531846","https://openalex.org/W2893963003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"emergence":[2],"of":[3,18,129,167],"low-power":[4],"embedded":[5],"devices":[6,47,76],"and":[7,63,132,134,175,194],"modern":[8],"machine":[9],"learning":[10],"(ML)":[11],"algorithms":[12,35],"has":[13],"created":[14,30],"a":[15,93],"new":[16,31],"Internet":[17],"Things":[19],"(IoT)":[20],"era":[21],"where":[22],"lightweight":[23],"ML":[24,34,90,158],"frameworks":[25],"such":[26,46,172],"as":[27,173,185],"TinyML":[28,43,102,151,168],"have":[29],"opportunities":[32],"for":[33,96,156,189,198],"running":[36],"within":[37],"edge":[38],"devices.":[39],"In":[40,161],"particular,":[41],"the":[42,145,165,190,196],"framework":[44,148],"in":[45,68,116],"aims":[48],"to":[49,73,77,83,104,112],"deliver":[50,105],"reduced":[51],"latency,":[52],"efficient":[53],"bandwidth":[54],"consumption,":[55],"improved":[56],"data":[57],"security,":[58],"increased":[59],"privacy,":[60],"lower":[61],"costs":[62],"overall":[64],"network":[65,170],"cost":[66],"reduction":[67],"cloud":[69,84],"environments.":[70],"Its":[71],"ability":[72],"enable":[74],"IoT":[75,97,113],"work":[78],"effectively":[79],"without":[80],"constant":[81],"connectivity":[82],"services,":[85,91,114],"while":[86],"nevertheless":[87],"providing":[88],"accurate":[89],"offers":[92],"viable":[94],"alternative":[95],"applications":[98],"seeking":[99],"cost-effective":[100],"solutions.":[101],"intends":[103],"on-premises":[106],"analytics":[107],"that":[108,180],"bring":[109],"significant":[110],"value":[111],"particularly":[115],"environments":[117],"with":[118,153,169],"limited":[119],"connection.":[120],"This":[121],"review":[122],"article":[123],"defines":[124],"TinyML,":[125],"presents":[126],"an":[127,157,186],"overview":[128],"its":[130],"benefits":[131],"uses":[133],"provides":[135],"background":[136],"information":[137],"based":[138],"on":[139],"up-to-date":[140],"literature.":[141],"Then,":[142],"we":[143,163,178],"demonstrate":[144],"TensorFlow":[146],"Lite":[147],"which":[149],"supports":[150],"along":[152],"analytical":[154],"steps":[155],"model":[159],"creation.":[160],"addition,":[162],"explore":[164],"integration":[166],"technologies":[171],"5G":[174],"LPWAN.":[176],"Ultimately,":[177],"anticipate":[179],"this":[181],"analysis":[182],"will":[183],"serve":[184],"informational":[187],"pillar":[188],"IoT/Cloud":[191],"research":[192],"community":[193],"pave":[195],"way":[197],"future":[199],"studies.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}