{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289134259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080238","title":"Will Zero Vulnerability Computing (ZVC) Ever Be Possible? Testing the Hypothesis","display_name":"Will Zero Vulnerability Computing (ZVC) Ever Be Possible? Testing the Hypothesis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289134259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14080238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080238","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/8/238/pdf?version=1660295978","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/8/238/pdf?version=1660295978","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064790035","display_name":"Fazal Raheman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7766-6949"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fazal Raheman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockchain 5.0 Ltd., Kesklinna Linnaosa, Ahtri tn 12, 10151 Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7766-6949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain 5.0 Ltd., Kesklinna Linnaosa, Ahtri tn 12, 10151 Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075204257","display_name":"Tejas Bhagat","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tejas Bhagat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockchain 5.0 Ltd., Kesklinna Linnaosa, Ahtri tn 12, 10151 Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain 5.0 Ltd., Kesklinna Linnaosa, Ahtri tn 12, 10151 Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000225767","display_name":"Brecht Vermeulen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brecht Vermeulen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab iGent Tower\u2014Department of Information Technology, IMEC\u2014Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab iGent Tower\u2014Department of Information Technology, IMEC\u2014Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110115112","display_name":"Peter Van Daele","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Van Daele","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab iGent Tower\u2014Department of Information Technology, IMEC\u2014Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab iGent Tower\u2014Department of Information Technology, IMEC\u2014Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064790035"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.0441,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7345287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"238","last_page":"238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8729634284973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.79656982421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.7474915981292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6933121681213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6925004720687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5144891738891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.4547613561153412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4135863184928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2424931824207306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08760407567024231}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8729634284973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.79656982421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.7474915981292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6933121681213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6925004720687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5144891738891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.4547613561153412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4135863184928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2424931824207306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08760407567024231}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14080238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080238","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/8/238/pdf?version=1660295978","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8765642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8765642","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8765642/file/8765643.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1999-5903","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a1b6eb33c51e4d02978100843519645c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a1b6eb33c51e4d02978100843519645c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 14, Iss 8, p 238 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/14/8/238/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14080238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 14; Issue 8; Pages: 238","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14080238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080238","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/8/238/pdf?version=1660295978","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7283686030","display_name":"Federation for FIRE Plus","funder_award_id":"732638","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289134259.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969773615","https://openalex.org/W2061603028","https://openalex.org/W2129586531","https://openalex.org/W2613930629","https://openalex.org/W2626631366","https://openalex.org/W2794734622","https://openalex.org/W2884977612","https://openalex.org/W2888229432","https://openalex.org/W2900479912","https://openalex.org/W2946021051","https://openalex.org/W2953421748","https://openalex.org/W2955210184","https://openalex.org/W2955818756","https://openalex.org/W2963877979","https://openalex.org/W2970952103","https://openalex.org/W3021951958","https://openalex.org/W3030638355","https://openalex.org/W3099911231","https://openalex.org/W3099922319","https://openalex.org/W3107131110","https://openalex.org/W3161197673","https://openalex.org/W4210904931","https://openalex.org/W4212818284","https://openalex.org/W4241443238","https://openalex.org/W4250523877"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3115072666","https://openalex.org/W3113358185","https://openalex.org/W2808249021","https://openalex.org/W1966145327","https://openalex.org/W3040987670","https://openalex.org/W3006507989","https://openalex.org/W2906845177","https://openalex.org/W4200107511","https://openalex.org/W2891427086","https://openalex.org/W1968625315"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Life":[0],"without":[1],"computers":[2,6,39,89,185,200],"is":[3,100,129],"unimaginable.":[4],"However,":[5],"remain":[7,170],"vulnerable":[8],"to":[9,21,119],"cybercrimes,":[10],"a":[11,24,74,132,193],"USD":[12],"6":[13],"trillion":[14],"industry":[15],"that":[16,38,45],"the":[17,66,85,108,139,143,147,152,197,202],"world":[18,99],"has":[19],"come":[20],"accept":[22],"as":[23,167],"\u201cnecessary":[25],"evil\u201d.":[26],"Third-party":[27],"permissions":[28],"resulting":[29],"in":[30,131,186,196],"an":[31,159],"attack":[32],"surface":[33],"(AS)":[34],"and":[35,53,115,191,201],"in-computer":[36,111],"storage":[37,113],"mandate":[40],"are":[41],"key":[42],"design":[43],"elements":[44],"hackers":[46],"exploit,":[47],"formerly":[48],"by":[49,55],"remote":[50],"malware":[51],"installation":[52],"later":[54],"stealing":[56],"personal":[57,163],"data":[58,78,164],"using":[59],"authentication":[60],"faking":[61],"techniques.":[62],"In":[63],"legacy":[64,88],"computers,":[65],"AS":[67],"cannot":[68,150],"be":[69,165],"completely":[70],"eliminated,":[71],"nor":[72,161],"can":[73,162,182],"connected":[75],"device":[76,154],"retain":[77],"offline,":[79,171],"rendering":[80],"fool-proof":[81],"cybersecurity":[82],"impossible.":[83],"Although":[84],"architects":[86],"of":[87,127,142,146,157,199],"made":[90],"perfectly":[91],"reasonable":[92],"engineering":[93],"trade-offs":[94],"for":[95,173],"their":[96],"world,":[97],"our":[98],"very":[101],"different.":[102],"Zero":[103],"vulnerability":[104],"computing":[105],"(ZVC)":[106],"challenges":[107],"impossible":[109],"with":[110],"offline":[112],"(ICOS)":[114],"Supra":[116],"OS":[117],"(SOS),":[118],"deliver":[120],"comprehensive":[121],"protection":[122],"against":[123],"vulnerabilities.":[124],"The":[125],"feasibility":[126],"ZVC":[128,153,181],"demonstrated":[130],"tiny":[133],"permanently":[134],"computer-mounted":[135],"hardware":[136],"wallet,":[137],"providing":[138],"first":[140],"evidence":[141],"complete":[144],"obliteration":[145],"AS.":[148],"Malware":[149],"infect":[151],"on":[155],"account":[156],"lacking":[158],"AS,":[160],"hacked":[166],"they":[168],"mostly":[169],"except":[172],"sporadic":[174],"processing.":[175],"Further":[176],"research":[177],"should":[178],"explore":[179],"whether":[180],"fully":[183],"secure":[184],"more":[187],"complex":[188],"real-world":[189],"scenarios":[190],"open":[192],"new":[194],"epoch":[195],"evolution":[198],"Internet.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}