{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288438776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080231","title":"Post-Processing for Shadow Detection in Drone-Acquired Images Using U-NET","display_name":"Post-Processing for Shadow Detection in Drone-Acquired Images Using U-NET","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288438776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14080231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/8/231/pdf?version=1659691229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/8/231/pdf?version=1659691229","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063508237","display_name":"Siti-Aisyah Zali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siti-Aisyah Zali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018611724","display_name":"Shahbe Mat-Desa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6659-0427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shahbe Mat-Desa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6659-0427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015016273","display_name":"Zarina Che Embi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9378-7380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zarina Che-Embi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9378-7380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023512040","display_name":"Wan-Noorshahida Mohd-Isa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-0250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan-Noorshahida Mohd-Isa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-0250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018611724"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1466},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1466},"fwci":0.6629,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6633607,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"231","last_page":"231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.921394944190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8609226942062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.8006938695907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7896337509155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7096881866455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.5551634430885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.49883317947387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.49468228220939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.464263916015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.45981132984161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/otsus-method","display_name":"Otsu's method","score":0.43320998549461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.38939574360847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32752525806427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09070223569869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.06323686242103577}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.921394944190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8609226942062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8006938695907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7896337509155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7096881866455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.5551634430885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.49883317947387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.49468228220939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.464263916015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.45981132984161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21729346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2444417","display_name":"Otsu's method","level":4,"score":0.43320998549461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.38939574360847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32752525806427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09070223569869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.06323686242103577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14080231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/8/231/pdf?version=1659691229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:10508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/10508/1/futureinternet-14-00231-v2.pdf","pdf_url":"https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/10508/1/futureinternet-14-00231-v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:14:y:2022:i:8:p:231-:d:874410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/8/231/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b341f146eed14aa1a78077c617385a81","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b341f146eed14aa1a78077c617385a81","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 14, Iss 8, p 231 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14080231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/8/231/pdf?version=1659691229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7728078723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MMUI/210095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","funder_display_name":"Multimedia University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288438776.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288438776.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2008789742","https://openalex.org/W2124592697","https://openalex.org/W2412862597","https://openalex.org/W2415527843","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2564787311","https://openalex.org/W2587948789","https://openalex.org/W2605126331","https://openalex.org/W2612076836","https://openalex.org/W2761917471","https://openalex.org/W2768114292","https://openalex.org/W2771783647","https://openalex.org/W2785628721","https://openalex.org/W2884217841","https://openalex.org/W2895126795","https://openalex.org/W2954570602","https://openalex.org/W2963014378","https://openalex.org/W2963753570","https://openalex.org/W2974160260","https://openalex.org/W2988229547","https://openalex.org/W3034627419","https://openalex.org/W3037529526","https://openalex.org/W3045580189","https://openalex.org/W3048218390","https://openalex.org/W3083738670","https://openalex.org/W3137568368","https://openalex.org/W3138131107","https://openalex.org/W3155008197","https://openalex.org/W3168496988","https://openalex.org/W3187026582","https://openalex.org/W3217554102","https://openalex.org/W4403742322","https://openalex.org/W6742435624","https://openalex.org/W6764835714","https://openalex.org/W6775734923","https://openalex.org/W6794190091","https://openalex.org/W6804339162","https://openalex.org/W6873423360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309330417","https://openalex.org/W1497460680","https://openalex.org/W2061057206","https://openalex.org/W3095400015","https://openalex.org/W2147223569","https://openalex.org/W2380810282","https://openalex.org/W2054831422","https://openalex.org/W2122667464","https://openalex.org/W2350588503","https://openalex.org/W2963830937"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Shadows":[0],"in":[1,6,54],"drone":[2,35],"images":[3,15,36],"commonly":[4],"appear":[5],"various":[7],"shapes,":[8],"sizes,":[9],"and":[10,30,48,78,92,104,117,126],"brightness":[11],"levels,":[12],"as":[13,26],"the":[14,50,55,88,102,133],"capture":[16],"a":[17,39],"wide":[18],"view":[19],"of":[20,34,52,61,95,106,140],"scenery":[21],"under":[22],"many":[23],"conditions,":[24],"such":[25],"varied":[27],"flying":[28],"height":[29],"weather.":[31],"This":[32],"property":[33],"leads":[37],"to":[38,45,65,75,85,100],"major":[40],"problem":[41],"when":[42],"it":[43],"comes":[44],"detecting":[46],"shadow":[47,57,67,107],"causes":[49],"presence":[51],"noise":[53],"predicted":[56],"mask.":[58],"The":[59,82,109,129],"purpose":[60],"this":[62],"study":[63,130],"is":[64,84,114],"improve":[66],"detection":[68],"results":[69],"by":[70],"implementing":[71],"post-processing":[72],"methods":[73,94,118,135],"related":[74],"automatic":[76,90,111],"thresholding":[77,91,112],"binary":[79,96,120],"mask":[80,97,121],"refinement.":[81],"aim":[83],"discuss":[86],"how":[87],"selected":[89,110],"two":[93],"refinement":[98,122],"perform":[99],"increase":[101],"efficiency":[103],"accuracy":[105,139],"detection.":[108],"method":[113],"Otsu\u2019s":[115],"thresholding,":[116],"for":[119],"are":[123],"morphological":[124],"operation":[125],"dense":[127],"CRF.":[128],"shows":[131],"that":[132],"proposed":[134],"achieve":[136],"an":[137],"acceptable":[138],"96.43%.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2022-07-29T00:00:00"}
