{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283761735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14070201","title":"Misuse Patterns from the Threat of Modification of Non-Control Data in Network Function Virtualization","display_name":"Misuse Patterns from the Threat of Modification of Non-Control Data in Network Function Virtualization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283761735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14070201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14070201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14070201","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/7/201/pdf?version=1656568911","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/7/201/pdf?version=1656568911","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062177294","display_name":"Abdulrahman K. Alnaim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9313-4643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdulrahman Alnaim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Information Systems, School of Business, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9313-4643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Information Systems, School of Business, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062177294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1466},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1466},"fwci":0.5952,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67244484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"201","last_page":"201"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8714267015457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervisor","display_name":"Hypervisor","score":0.835513174533844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.7194585204124451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.593042254447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.5757215023040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.4571509063243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-network","display_name":"Virtual network","score":0.4409612715244293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandatory-access-control","display_name":"Mandatory access control","score":0.43918660283088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.43918612599372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/full-virtualization","display_name":"Full virtualization","score":0.42235130071640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3998594880104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.33208298683166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3290414810180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3236618638038635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.2779430150985718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8714267015457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.835513174533844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.7194585204124451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.593042254447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.5757215023040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.4571509063243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Virtual network","level":2,"score":0.4409612715244293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777407602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888932","display_name":"Mandatory access control","level":4,"score":0.43918660283088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.43918612599372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47878483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848333","display_name":"Full virtualization","level":4,"score":0.42235130071640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3998594880104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.33208298683166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3290414810180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3236618638038635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.2779430150985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45567728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702839","display_name":"Role-based access control","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14070201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14070201","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/7/201/pdf?version=1656568911","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:14:y:2022:i:7:p:201-:d:852306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/7/201/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c55cabd518e74e11a2a5991903fc7309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c55cabd518e74e11a2a5991903fc7309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 201 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14070201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14070201","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/7/201/pdf?version=1656568911","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6306380797","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GRANT272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322804","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322804","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283761735.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31433452","https://openalex.org/W93261043","https://openalex.org/W161931246","https://openalex.org/W188770049","https://openalex.org/W1429241971","https://openalex.org/W1546317334","https://openalex.org/W1641762327","https://openalex.org/W1762015219","https://openalex.org/W1968002620","https://openalex.org/W1987716505","https://openalex.org/W1996931407","https://openalex.org/W2012001609","https://openalex.org/W2014216100","https://openalex.org/W2069321470","https://openalex.org/W2071340005","https://openalex.org/W2094947788","https://openalex.org/W2101177960","https://openalex.org/W2112731379","https://openalex.org/W2121468041","https://openalex.org/W2125212367","https://openalex.org/W2129828848","https://openalex.org/W2131234343","https://openalex.org/W2132714796","https://openalex.org/W2144006591","https://openalex.org/W2152507484","https://openalex.org/W2159059513","https://openalex.org/W2159216827","https://openalex.org/W2159372923","https://openalex.org/W2168264487","https://openalex.org/W2169037418","https://openalex.org/W2268253499","https://openalex.org/W2295582391","https://openalex.org/W2336417593","https://openalex.org/W2466998217","https://openalex.org/W2471647275","https://openalex.org/W2512784977","https://openalex.org/W2527311635","https://openalex.org/W2560003967","https://openalex.org/W2584197936","https://openalex.org/W2615325511","https://openalex.org/W2806376746","https://openalex.org/W2885572060","https://openalex.org/W2889195442","https://openalex.org/W2896502468","https://openalex.org/W2909619827","https://openalex.org/W2967578939","https://openalex.org/W2974379491","https://openalex.org/W2992638283","https://openalex.org/W3167570418","https://openalex.org/W3169377021","https://openalex.org/W3198215219","https://openalex.org/W4244704438","https://openalex.org/W4280613952","https://openalex.org/W4386854245","https://openalex.org/W6600040955","https://openalex.org/W6601299523","https://openalex.org/W6606533738","https://openalex.org/W6628302897","https://openalex.org/W6636300458","https://openalex.org/W6754635811","https://openalex.org/W6887517020","https://openalex.org/W7015043416"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013773577","https://openalex.org/W3022486612","https://openalex.org/W4220910311","https://openalex.org/W2179519055","https://openalex.org/W2005435933","https://openalex.org/W3007886987","https://openalex.org/W2955107253","https://openalex.org/W2017036943","https://openalex.org/W2182108627","https://openalex.org/W2050621158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"Function":[1],"Virtualization":[2],"(NFV)":[3],"is":[4,13,46,65],"a":[5,14,22,56,67,107],"virtual":[6,60],"network":[7,77],"model,":[8],"the":[9,18,33,47,51,115,119,123,129,144,177,183],"goal":[10],"of":[11,17,35,42,118,125,149,151,166,182],"which":[12,49],"cost-efficient":[15],"transition":[16,30],"hardware":[19,52],"infrastructure":[20],"into":[21,176],"flexible":[23],"and":[24,71,97,99,159],"reliable":[25],"software":[26],"platform.":[27],"However,":[28],"this":[29,43,103,161,171],"comes":[31],"at":[32],"cost":[34],"more":[36],"security":[37,116],"threats.":[38],"A":[39],"key":[40],"part":[41],"virtualization":[44,81],"environment":[45,58,82],"hypervisor,":[48],"emulates":[50],"resources":[53],"to":[54,75,91,121,136,156,170,186],"provide":[55],"runtime":[57],"for":[59,110],"machines":[61],"(VMs).":[62],"The":[63,80,147,168],"hypervisor":[64,120],"considered":[66],"major":[68],"attack":[69,112,172],"vector":[70],"must":[72],"be":[73,174],"secured":[74],"ensure":[76],"service":[78],"continuity.":[79],"contains":[83],"critical":[84],"non-control":[85,126,152],"data":[86,127,153],"where":[87],"compromise":[88,122],"could":[89],"lead":[90,155],"several":[92,157],"misuses,":[93,158],"including":[94],"information":[95],"leakage":[96],"privilege":[98],"resource":[100],"modification.":[101],"In":[102],"paper,":[104,162],"we":[105,163],"present":[106],"misuse":[108],"pattern":[109],"an":[111],"that":[113],"exploits":[114],"vulnerabilities":[117],"integrity":[124],"in":[128,160],"NFV":[130,184],"environment.":[131],"Misuse":[132],"patterns":[133],"are":[134,140],"used":[135],"describe":[137],"how":[138],"attacks":[139],"carried":[141],"out":[142],"from":[143],"attackers\u2019":[145],"perspective.":[146],"threat":[148],"modification":[150],"can":[154,173],"discuss":[164],"three":[165],"them.":[167],"defenses":[169],"incorporated":[175],"Security":[178],"Reference":[179],"Architecture":[180],"(SRA)":[181],"system":[185],"prevent":[187],"these":[188],"misuses.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}