{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4280536752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050156","title":"Positioning Energy-Neutral Devices: Technological Status and Hybrid RF-Acoustic Experiments","display_name":"Positioning Energy-Neutral Devices: Technological Status and Hybrid RF-Acoustic Experiments","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4280536752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14050156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/5/156/pdf?version=1653030679","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/5/156/pdf?version=1653030679","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007303190","display_name":"Bert Cox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0049-6435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bert Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0049-6435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082660988","display_name":"Chesney Buyle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9651-3964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chesney Buyle","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9651-3964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042347947","display_name":"Daan Delabie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0089-3633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daan Delabie","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0089-3633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067168072","display_name":"Lieven De Strycker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-9650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lieven De Strycker","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-9650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016605260","display_name":"Liesbet Van der Perre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-9628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liesbet Van der Perre","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-9628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007303190"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.5539,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63180561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"156","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8474202156066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.6952612400054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.6058343648910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5840533971786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5676908493041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4845389723777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4719269275665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rf-power-amplifier","display_name":"RF power amplifier","score":0.4523206949234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.421188622713089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34286242723464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3192484378814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2962045669555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.14979231357574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09103885293006897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8474202156066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.6952612400054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.6058343648910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5840533971786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5676908493041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4845389723777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4719269275665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196054291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7276624","display_name":"RF power amplifier","level":4,"score":0.4523206949234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.421188622713089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34286242723464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3192484378814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2962045669555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.14979231357574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09103885293006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14050156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/5/156/pdf?version=1653030679","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/695828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/695828","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/cb59eb69-ce4b-4e76-9089-f62ff591e44d","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, vol. 14 (5), Art.No. 156","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:14:y:2022:i:5:p:156-:d:819833","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/5/156/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b83b509b897d40719250161be1de2fe2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b83b509b897d40719250161be1de2fe2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 156 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/14/5/156/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14050156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 14; Issue 5; Pages: 156","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14050156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/5/156/pdf?version=1653030679","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4280536752.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555713064","https://openalex.org/W1987654941","https://openalex.org/W2005577817","https://openalex.org/W2006018684","https://openalex.org/W2017834411","https://openalex.org/W2075108767","https://openalex.org/W2109520672","https://openalex.org/W2113292116","https://openalex.org/W2113369042","https://openalex.org/W2114187082","https://openalex.org/W2121477819","https://openalex.org/W2144028896","https://openalex.org/W2153884821","https://openalex.org/W2158777624","https://openalex.org/W2278572312","https://openalex.org/W2419008539","https://openalex.org/W2461937780","https://openalex.org/W2516715272","https://openalex.org/W2519004244","https://openalex.org/W2555957614","https://openalex.org/W2612106600","https://openalex.org/W2766379701","https://openalex.org/W2768472390","https://openalex.org/W2775135700","https://openalex.org/W2789777926","https://openalex.org/W2799914042","https://openalex.org/W2890475204","https://openalex.org/W2890639900","https://openalex.org/W2903626605","https://openalex.org/W2915978522","https://openalex.org/W2946408645","https://openalex.org/W2950830354","https://openalex.org/W2950853407","https://openalex.org/W3000738718","https://openalex.org/W3010374416","https://openalex.org/W3011794741","https://openalex.org/W3015847097","https://openalex.org/W3022817709","https://openalex.org/W3091635898","https://openalex.org/W3124420883","https://openalex.org/W3132898865","https://openalex.org/W3137742180","https://openalex.org/W3171011688","https://openalex.org/W3186121671","https://openalex.org/W3200649090","https://openalex.org/W3210131173","https://openalex.org/W3213977469","https://openalex.org/W4205954292","https://openalex.org/W4210609451","https://openalex.org/W4214872937","https://openalex.org/W4220807281","https://openalex.org/W4220903013","https://openalex.org/W4235393287","https://openalex.org/W4256268561","https://openalex.org/W4284962613","https://openalex.org/W4297804421","https://openalex.org/W6736092261"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555478792","https://openalex.org/W2912976208","https://openalex.org/W4313484962","https://openalex.org/W2075411964","https://openalex.org/W2405058345","https://openalex.org/W2095696643","https://openalex.org/W3183617701","https://openalex.org/W2356644099","https://openalex.org/W2121072153","https://openalex.org/W3211367855"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"digital":[1],"transformation":[2],"is":[3],"exciting":[4],"the":[5,12,18,57,69,90,95,105,119],"uptake":[6],"of":[7,17,20,22,27,47,73,97,104],"Internet-of-Things":[8],"technologies,":[9],"and":[10,87],"raises":[11],"questions":[13],"surrounding":[14],"our":[15],"knowledge":[16],"positions":[19],"many":[21],"these":[23,128],"things.":[24],"A":[25],"review":[26],"indoor":[28],"localization":[29],"technologies":[30],"summarized":[31],"in":[32,45,114,136],"this":[33],"paper":[34],"shows":[35],"that":[36],"with":[37,51,107],"conventional":[38],"RF-based":[39],"techniques,":[40],"a":[41,52,101,115],"significant":[42],"challenge":[43],"exists":[44],"terms":[46],"achieving":[48],"good":[49],"accuracy":[50],"low":[53],"power":[54,88],"consumption":[55],"at":[56],"device":[58],"side.":[59],"We":[60,92],"present":[61],"hybrid":[62],"RF-acoustic":[63],"approaches":[64],"as":[65],"an":[66],"interesting":[67],"alternative:":[68],"slow":[70],"propagation":[71],"speed":[72],"sound":[74],"allows":[75],"for":[76],"accurate":[77,140],"distance":[78],"measurements,":[79],"while":[80],"RF":[81],"can":[82],"easily":[83],"provide":[84],"synchronization,":[85],"data,":[86],"to":[89,133,138],"devices.":[91,112],"explain":[93],"how":[94],"combination":[96],"adequate":[98],"signaling":[99],"realizing":[100],"late":[102],"wake-up":[103],"devices":[106],"backscattering":[108],"could":[109],"position":[110],"energy-neutral":[111],"Experiments":[113],"real-life":[116],"testbed":[117],"confirmed":[118],"potential":[120],"10":[121],"cm-accuracy":[122],"based":[123],"on":[124],"RF-harvested":[125],"energy.":[126],"Nonetheless,":[127],"also":[129],"expose":[130],"open":[131],"challenges":[132],"be":[134],"resolved":[135],"order":[137],"achieve":[139],"3D":[141],"positioning.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}