{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4229447288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050146","title":"A Survey on Memory Subsystems for Deep Neural Network Accelerators","display_name":"A Survey on Memory Subsystems for Deep Neural Network Accelerators","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4229447288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14050146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050146","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/5/146/pdf?version=1652175908","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/5/146/pdf?version=1652175908","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041995126","display_name":"Arghavan Asad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-9479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arghavan Asad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059689258","display_name":"Rupinder Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0065-6280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rupinder Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0065-6280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103283614","display_name":"Farah Mohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9947-3209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farah Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059689258"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.563,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81905279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"146","last_page":"146"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8589621186256409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6141113042831421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5615745782852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.5090517401695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-map","display_name":"Memory map","score":0.47993236780166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-memory-processing","display_name":"In-Memory Processing","score":0.4743153750896454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.45058295130729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4251474142074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42119118571281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.33804386854171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.31562432646751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.3134324848651886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2530113160610199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10867011547088623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8589621186256409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6141113042831421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5615745782852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.5090517401695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74426580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719484","display_name":"Memory map","level":3,"score":0.47993236780166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123593499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6008583","display_name":"In-Memory Processing","level":5,"score":0.4743153750896454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.45058295130729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4251474142074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42119118571281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.33804386854171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.31562432646751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.3134324848651886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2530113160610199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10867011547088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194222762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114486","display_name":"Query by Example","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14050146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050146","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/5/146/pdf?version=1652175908","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:14:y:2022:i:5:p:146-:d:812171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/5/146/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:574b8d3455634f578fbb11e936434fe1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/574b8d3455634f578fbb11e936434fe1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 146 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/14/5/146/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14050146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 14; Issue 5; Pages: 146","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14050146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050146","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/5/146/pdf?version=1652175908","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4229447288.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4229447288.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033811947","https://openalex.org/W2040045500","https://openalex.org/W2431884816","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2518511512","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2605347906","https://openalex.org/W2605398378","https://openalex.org/W2613989746","https://openalex.org/W2746842762","https://openalex.org/W2798317693","https://openalex.org/W2809171749","https://openalex.org/W2809295488","https://openalex.org/W2884360532","https://openalex.org/W2897083155","https://openalex.org/W2897519942","https://openalex.org/W2904295992","https://openalex.org/W2908843953","https://openalex.org/W2910318317","https://openalex.org/W2910506572","https://openalex.org/W2913431662","https://openalex.org/W2946747688","https://openalex.org/W2949989598","https://openalex.org/W2962903741","https://openalex.org/W2989569745","https://openalex.org/W3011349231","https://openalex.org/W3011803421","https://openalex.org/W3036436862","https://openalex.org/W3082640008","https://openalex.org/W3092715385","https://openalex.org/W3103148960","https://openalex.org/W3105208701","https://openalex.org/W3135765046","https://openalex.org/W3214718962","https://openalex.org/W4243634256"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3010492628","https://openalex.org/W2890159928","https://openalex.org/W2118220389","https://openalex.org/W3163143851","https://openalex.org/W4283718600","https://openalex.org/W3180803030","https://openalex.org/W2971920536","https://openalex.org/W3216275586","https://openalex.org/W4379526260","https://openalex.org/W4229447288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"From":[0],"self-driving":[1],"cars":[2],"to":[3,27,42,156,191],"detecting":[4],"cancer,":[5],"the":[6,32,43,51,56,62,74,96,103,154,173,193],"applications":[7],"of":[8,46,61,102,118,140],"modern":[9,188],"artificial":[10],"intelligence":[11],"(AI)":[12],"rely":[13],"primarily":[14],"on":[15,121],"deep":[16],"neural":[17],"networks":[18],"(DNNs).":[19],"Given":[20],"raw":[21],"sensory":[22],"data,":[23],"DNNs":[24],"are":[25],"able":[26],"extract":[28],"high-level":[29],"features":[30],"after":[31],"network":[33],"has":[34],"been":[35],"trained":[36],"using":[37],"statistical":[38],"learning.":[39],"However,":[40],"due":[41],"massive":[44],"amounts":[45],"parallel":[47],"processing":[48],"in":[49,67,81,88,95,108],"computations,":[50],"memory":[52,64,90,105,119,127,142,160,168,177,185,194],"wall":[53,195],"largely":[54],"affects":[55],"performance.":[57],"Thus,":[58],"a":[59,116],"review":[60],"different":[63,167],"architectures":[65,106],"applied":[66],"DNN":[68,79,97,109,123,132,164,189],"accelerators":[69,80,110,165,190],"would":[70],"prove":[71],"beneficial.":[72],"While":[73],"existing":[75],"surveys":[76],"only":[77],"address":[78],"general,":[82],"this":[83,150],"paper":[84],"investigates":[85],"novel":[86],"advancements":[87],"efficient":[89],"organizations":[91,120],"and":[92,179,196],"design":[93],"methodologies":[94],"accelerator.":[98],"First,":[99],"an":[100,130,138],"overview":[101],"various":[104,158,163],"used":[107],"will":[111,134,144],"be":[112,135,145],"provided,":[113],"followed":[114],"by":[115],"discussion":[117],"non-ASIC":[122],"accelerators.":[124],"Furthermore,":[125],"flexible":[126],"systems":[128,186],"incorporating":[129],"adaptable":[131],"computation":[133],"explored.":[136],"Lastly,":[137],"analysis":[139],"emerging":[141],"technologies":[143],"conducted.":[146],"The":[147],"reader,":[148],"through":[149],"article,":[151],"will:":[152],"1\u2014gain":[153],"ability":[155],"analyze":[157],"proposed":[159,183],"architectures;":[161],"2\u2014discern":[162],"with":[166,172,176,182],"designs;":[169],"3\u2014become":[170],"familiar":[171,181],"trade-offs":[174],"associated":[175],"organizations;":[178],"4\u2014become":[180],"new":[184],"for":[187],"solve":[192],"other":[197],"mentioned":[198],"current":[199],"issues.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2022-05-11T00:00:00"}
