{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220917335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14030090","title":"A Density-Based Random Forest for Imbalanced Data Classification","display_name":"A Density-Based Random Forest for Imbalanced Data Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220917335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14030090"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14030090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14030090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14030090","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112473998","display_name":"Jia Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering & Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd., Shanghai 200444, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering & Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd., Shanghai 200444, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084189341","display_name":"Quan Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-005X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Quan Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd., Shanghai 200444, China","School of Computer Engineering & Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd., Shanghai 200444, China","Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd., Shanghai 200444, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering & Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd., Shanghai 200444, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084189341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042","https://openalex.org/I4210123185"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.3198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89465567,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"90","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.8437367677688599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8125239610671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6685510873794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.6616712212562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.620041012763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5517386198043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5441944599151611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5226659178733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-boundary","display_name":"Decision boundary","score":0.4359418749809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-class-classification","display_name":"One-class classification","score":0.41450995206832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3947802782058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.33924078941345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14842990040779114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.8437367677688599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8125239610671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6685510873794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.6616712212562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.620041012763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5517386198043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5441944599151611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5226659178733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42023084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249231","display_name":"Decision boundary","level":3,"score":0.4359418749809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34872919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7092302","display_name":"One-class classification","level":3,"score":0.41450995206832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3947802782058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.33924078941345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14842990040779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14030090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14030090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:14:y:2022:i:3:p:90-:d:770486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/3/90/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ba432f9fd6e74cef974c724417558d9a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba432f9fd6e74cef974c724417558d9a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 90 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/14/3/90/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14030090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 14; Issue 3; Pages: 90","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14030090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14030090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7588879000","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB0704400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49700977","https://openalex.org/W85350352","https://openalex.org/W1563938718","https://openalex.org/W1580049798","https://openalex.org/W1591261915","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W1993220166","https://openalex.org/W1996523702","https://openalex.org/W2023299139","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2107686700","https://openalex.org/W2117416418","https://openalex.org/W2119191234","https://openalex.org/W2132791018","https://openalex.org/W2137029138","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2182722412","https://openalex.org/W2504954013","https://openalex.org/W2523558379","https://openalex.org/W2587013329","https://openalex.org/W2601726217","https://openalex.org/W2755597462","https://openalex.org/W2793564589","https://openalex.org/W2892942073","https://openalex.org/W2896805537","https://openalex.org/W2910381306","https://openalex.org/W3012069867","https://openalex.org/W3088444115","https://openalex.org/W3107425599","https://openalex.org/W3111875476","https://openalex.org/W3135361473","https://openalex.org/W3138102940","https://openalex.org/W3208002538","https://openalex.org/W4213263325","https://openalex.org/W6603460400","https://openalex.org/W6634569365","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6682141768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W4224941037","https://openalex.org/W2004826645","https://openalex.org/W3135818052","https://openalex.org/W184442817","https://openalex.org/W2009611918","https://openalex.org/W2814966788","https://openalex.org/W1983643426","https://openalex.org/W2004820431"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"machine":[1],"learning":[2],"problem":[3,165],"domains,":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6,71],"the":[7,57,72,96,101,106,130,135,150,158,164,171,183],"detection":[8],"of":[9,22,132,142,149,160,166,176,185],"fraud,":[10],"spam,":[11],"outliers,":[12],"and":[13,77,100,105,120,152],"anomalies,":[14],"tend":[15],"to":[16,55,67,75,83,94,128,162],"involve":[17],"inherently":[18],"imbalanced":[19,36,124],"class":[20,172],"distributions":[21],"samples.":[23],"However,":[24],"most":[25,73],"classification":[26,37,118],"algorithms":[27],"assume":[28],"equivalent":[29],"sample":[30],"sizes":[31],"for":[32,61],"each":[33],"class.":[34],"Therefore,":[35],"datasets":[38,125],"pose":[39],"a":[40,49,80,112],"significant":[41],"challenge":[42],"in":[43,147,187],"prediction":[44,58],"modeling.":[45],"Herein,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"density-based":[50,81],"random":[51,89,145],"forest":[52,90,146],"algorithm":[53],"(DBRF)":[54],"improve":[56],"performance,":[59],"especially":[60],"minority":[62,177],"classes.":[63],"DBRF":[64,138,161],"is":[65],"designed":[66],"recognize":[68],"boundary":[69,98],"samples":[70,99],"difficult":[74],"classify":[76],"then":[78],"use":[79],"method":[82],"augment":[84],"them.":[85],"Subsequently,":[86],"two":[87],"different":[88],"classifiers":[91],"were":[92,126],"constructed":[93],"model":[95],"augmented":[97],"original":[102],"dataset":[103,119],"dependently,":[104],"final":[107],"output":[108],"was":[109],"determined":[110],"using":[111],"bagging":[113],"technique.":[114],"A":[115],"real-world":[116],"material":[117],"33":[121],"open":[122],"public":[123],"used":[127],"evaluate":[129],"performance":[131],"DBRF.":[133],"On":[134],"34":[136],"datasets,":[137],"could":[139],"achieve":[140],"improvements":[141],"2\u201315%":[143],"over":[144],"terms":[148],"F1-measure":[151],"G-mean.":[153],"The":[154],"experimental":[155],"results":[156],"proved":[157],"ability":[159],"solve":[163],"classifying":[167],"objects":[168,175,186],"located":[169],"on":[170],"boundary,":[173],"including":[174],"classes,":[178],"by":[179],"taking":[180],"into":[181],"account":[182],"density":[184],"space.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2022-04-03T00:00:00"}
