{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213306584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14020059","title":"Network Function Virtualization and Service Function Chaining Frameworks: A Comprehensive Review of Requirements, Objectives, Implementations, and Open Research Challenges","display_name":"Network Function Virtualization and Service Function Chaining Frameworks: A Comprehensive Review of Requirements, Objectives, Implementations, and Open Research Challenges","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213306584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14020059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14020059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14020059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/2/59/pdf?version=1644976641","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/2/59/pdf?version=1644976641","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022474075","display_name":"Haruna Umar Adoga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5944-8473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haruna Umar Adoga","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5944-8473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021350142","display_name":"Dimitrios P. Pezaros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0939-378X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios P. Pezaros","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0939-378X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022474075"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1466},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1466},"fwci":7.9753,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98041423,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"59","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8693866729736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaining","display_name":"Chaining","score":0.7878961563110352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-network","display_name":"Virtual network","score":0.6605746746063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-functions-virtualization","display_name":"Network Functions Virtualization","score":0.6212133169174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.6102763414382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6000519394874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-service","display_name":"Network service","score":0.5288530588150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.49592289328575134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4525236487388611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.44306379556655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.4218904674053192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.41676396131515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4135206341743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.34480446577072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.26855289936065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.21421349048614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.19863933324813843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8693866729736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49020025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059099","display_name":"Chaining","level":2,"score":0.7878961563110352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Virtual network","level":2,"score":0.6605746746063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200789330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7000834","display_name":"Network Functions Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.6212133169174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.6102763414382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6000519394874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779618445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640628","display_name":"Network service","level":2,"score":0.5288530588150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.49592289328575134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4525236487388611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.44306379556655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.4218904674053192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41676396131515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4135206341743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34480446577072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.26855289936065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.21421349048614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.19863933324813843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14020059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14020059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/2/59/pdf?version=1644976641","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:264737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/264737/1/264737.pdf","pdf_url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/264737/1/264737.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:14:y:2022:i:2:p:59-:d:750255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/2/59/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4f223bb54971418bb5c04c505afa83df","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4f223bb54971418bb5c04c505afa83df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 59 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi14020059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14020059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/2/59/pdf?version=1644976641","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1708471004","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N033957/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G521268540","display_name":"PETRAS 2","funder_award_id":"EP/S035362/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8186088439","display_name":"Network Measurement as a Service","funder_award_id":"EP/N033957/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335413","display_name":"Petroleum Technology Development Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213306584.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213306584.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":111,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1435010830","https://openalex.org/W1498195071","https://openalex.org/W1509921833","https://openalex.org/W1584928512","https://openalex.org/W1937767493","https://openalex.org/W1950051066","https://openalex.org/W1994926493","https://openalex.org/W2010365467","https://openalex.org/W2030438500","https://openalex.org/W2041008854","https://openalex.org/W2057439722","https://openalex.org/W2082514234","https://openalex.org/W2108756032","https://openalex.org/W2203584209","https://openalex.org/W2289096564","https://openalex.org/W2296559352","https://openalex.org/W2337472511","https://openalex.org/W2465005408","https://openalex.org/W2465173699","https://openalex.org/W2483730973","https://openalex.org/W2498885363","https://openalex.org/W2500898769","https://openalex.org/W2508691354","https://openalex.org/W2512567073","https://openalex.org/W2524842096","https://openalex.org/W2538737679","https://openalex.org/W2546189752","https://openalex.org/W2590487735","https://openalex.org/W2611990263","https://openalex.org/W2612455248","https://openalex.org/W2615830712","https://openalex.org/W2623646697","https://openalex.org/W2735042432","https://openalex.org/W2753580776","https://openalex.org/W2753909122","https://openalex.org/W2757847346","https://openalex.org/W2762414772","https://openalex.org/W2762658472","https://openalex.org/W2782581556","https://openalex.org/W2783547952","https://openalex.org/W2784303083","https://openalex.org/W2786348542","https://openalex.org/W2796034768","https://openalex.org/W2797672404","https://openalex.org/W2798776206","https://openalex.org/W2809088964","https://openalex.org/W2810993631","https://openalex.org/W2883820843","https://openalex.org/W2885978796","https://openalex.org/W2886746860","https://openalex.org/W2888263775","https://openalex.org/W2891084611","https://openalex.org/W2897649938","https://openalex.org/W2901012544","https://openalex.org/W2903252781","https://openalex.org/W2908983482","https://openalex.org/W2913015488","https://openalex.org/W2914890935","https://openalex.org/W2919058785","https://openalex.org/W2920169707","https://openalex.org/W2946261066","https://openalex.org/W2952378836","https://openalex.org/W2955198957","https://openalex.org/W2963936979","https://openalex.org/W2964128427","https://openalex.org/W2969575373","https://openalex.org/W2973449430","https://openalex.org/W2982078036","https://openalex.org/W2990371773","https://openalex.org/W2995191881","https://openalex.org/W2997208241","https://openalex.org/W3004790966","https://openalex.org/W3006191871","https://openalex.org/W3007670609","https://openalex.org/W3009962664","https://openalex.org/W3011146004","https://openalex.org/W3015301640","https://openalex.org/W3015534502","https://openalex.org/W3018125995","https://openalex.org/W3036728815","https://openalex.org/W3040745125","https://openalex.org/W3042521859","https://openalex.org/W3046218776","https://openalex.org/W3046440782","https://openalex.org/W3084210855","https://openalex.org/W3093659890","https://openalex.org/W3099579937","https://openalex.org/W3101578538","https://openalex.org/W3115714453","https://openalex.org/W3116763410","https://openalex.org/W3119427724","https://openalex.org/W3126452964","https://openalex.org/W3129125148","https://openalex.org/W3134827906","https://openalex.org/W3135269587","https://openalex.org/W3138591728","https://openalex.org/W3139523938","https://openalex.org/W3153694850","https://openalex.org/W3158249421","https://openalex.org/W3173690203","https://openalex.org/W3175884222","https://openalex.org/W3181288501","https://openalex.org/W3184002573","https://openalex.org/W4206324092","https://openalex.org/W4231634786","https://openalex.org/W4297070368","https://openalex.org/W6701761579","https://openalex.org/W6705298760","https://openalex.org/W6732133682","https://openalex.org/W6922374580","https://openalex.org/W6987734997"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2213647654","https://openalex.org/W2951557574","https://openalex.org/W4300138531","https://openalex.org/W2738366030","https://openalex.org/W2475051313","https://openalex.org/W4376522564","https://openalex.org/W2956655210","https://openalex.org/W2611990263","https://openalex.org/W2215777439","https://openalex.org/W2779129381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"slicing":[1],"has":[2],"become":[3],"a":[4,34,81,100],"fundamental":[5],"property":[6],"for":[7,21],"next-generation":[8,163],"networks,":[9],"especially":[10],"because":[11],"an":[12],"inherent":[13],"part":[14],"of":[15,29,102,117,119],"5G":[16],"standardisation":[17],"is":[18],"the":[19,91,103,114,120,151],"ability":[20],"service":[22,82,127],"providers":[23],"to":[24,33,79,154],"migrate":[25],"some":[26,141],"or":[27,73],"all":[28],"their":[30],"network":[31,36,46,50],"services":[32],"virtual":[35,70],"infrastructure,":[37],"thereby":[38],"reducing":[39],"both":[40],"capital":[41],"and":[42,61,94,98,126,132,135,158],"operational":[43],"costs.":[44],"With":[45],"function":[47,83],"virtualisation":[48],"(NFV),":[49],"functions":[51],"(NFs)":[52],"such":[53],"as":[54],"firewalls,":[55],"traffic":[56],"load":[57],"balancers,":[58],"content":[59],"filters,":[60],"intrusion":[62],"detection":[63],"systems":[64],"(IDS)":[65],"are":[66],"either":[67],"instantiated":[68],"on":[69,113],"machines":[71],"(VMs)":[72],"lightweight":[74],"containers,":[75],"often":[76],"chained":[77],"together":[78],"create":[80],"chain":[84],"(SFC).":[85],"In":[86],"this":[87],"work,":[88],"we":[89],"review":[90],"state-of-the-art":[92],"NFV":[93],"SFC":[95],"implementation":[96],"frameworks":[97],"present":[99],"taxonomy":[101,107],"current":[104],"proposals.":[105],"Our":[106],"comprises":[108],"three":[109],"major":[110],"categories":[111],"based":[112],"primary":[115],"objectives":[116],"each":[118],"surveyed":[121],"frameworks:":[122],"(1)":[123],"resource":[124],"allocation":[125],"orchestration,":[128],"(2)":[129],"performance":[130],"tuning,":[131],"(3)":[133],"resilience":[134],"fault":[136],"recovery.":[137],"We":[138],"also":[139],"identify":[140],"key":[142],"open":[143],"research":[144,152],"challenges":[145],"that":[146],"require":[147],"further":[148],"exploration":[149],"by":[150],"community":[153],"achieve":[155],"scalable,":[156],"resilient,":[157],"high-performance":[159],"NFV/SFC":[160],"deployments":[161],"in":[162],"networks.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
