{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204381888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13100244","title":"Machine Learning in Detecting COVID-19 Misinformation on Twitter","display_name":"Machine Learning in Detecting COVID-19 Misinformation on Twitter","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204381888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13100244","mag":"3204381888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13100244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13100244","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/10/244/pdf?version=1632737699","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/10/244/pdf?version=1632737699","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027035874","display_name":"Mohammed N. Alenezi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3497-0860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143601524","display_name":"Public Authority for Applied Education and Training","ror":"https://ror.org/024242h31","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143601524"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed N. Alenezi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Information Systems Department, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Safat 13147, Kuwait"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Information Systems Department, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Safat 13147, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143601524"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005897191","display_name":"Zainab M. AlQenaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4714-7873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zainab M. Alqenaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems and Operations Management Department, Kuwait University, Safat 13055, Kuwait"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems and Operations Management Department, Kuwait University, Safat 13055, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027035874"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143601524"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":17.8252,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99188987,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"244","last_page":"244"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.9848078489303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8534054756164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.7541632652282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5706844329833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5450239181518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.47620877623558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4587445855140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.43922698497772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microblogging","display_name":"Microblogging","score":0.4338306188583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"Disinformation","score":0.42568475008010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.4213941693305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3507040739059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2955981492996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.26677680015563965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.9848078489303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8534054756164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.7541632652282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5706844329833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5450239181518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.47620877623558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4587445855140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.43922698497772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143275388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92438","display_name":"Microblogging","level":3,"score":0.4338306188583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.42568475008010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.4213941693305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3507040739059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2955981492996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26677680015563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13100244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13100244","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/10/244/pdf?version=1632737699","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:13:y:2021:i:10:p:244-:d:641583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/10/244/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:85109a8c951849c291f89f17356b860a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/85109a8c951849c291f89f17356b860a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 13, Iss 10, p 244 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/13/10/244/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13100244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 13; Issue 10; Pages: 244","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13100244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13100244","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/10/244/pdf?version=1632737699","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204381888.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204381888.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109380093","https://openalex.org/W1528742884","https://openalex.org/W1553819015","https://openalex.org/W1557168064","https://openalex.org/W1992267648","https://openalex.org/W2053270840","https://openalex.org/W2073755672","https://openalex.org/W2079725295","https://openalex.org/W2163900343","https://openalex.org/W2294363208","https://openalex.org/W2330219538","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2582561810","https://openalex.org/W2620918808","https://openalex.org/W2625555835","https://openalex.org/W2741074565","https://openalex.org/W2759133519","https://openalex.org/W2766546695","https://openalex.org/W2769317996","https://openalex.org/W2774008574","https://openalex.org/W2785537800","https://openalex.org/W2889265674","https://openalex.org/W2896472929","https://openalex.org/W2906727606","https://openalex.org/W2909299092","https://openalex.org/W2909471801","https://openalex.org/W2914393943","https://openalex.org/W2915332473","https://openalex.org/W2919060752","https://openalex.org/W2920037489","https://openalex.org/W2935724797","https://openalex.org/W2946361217","https://openalex.org/W2948038898","https://openalex.org/W2956117722","https://openalex.org/W2969861465","https://openalex.org/W2979811212","https://openalex.org/W2981043738","https://openalex.org/W2982968110","https://openalex.org/W2990426214","https://openalex.org/W2997474044","https://openalex.org/W2999790948","https://openalex.org/W3012018604","https://openalex.org/W3013473577","https://openalex.org/W3014318908","https://openalex.org/W3014820715","https://openalex.org/W3015461837","https://openalex.org/W3016069520","https://openalex.org/W3016902371","https://openalex.org/W3034851746","https://openalex.org/W3037159016","https://openalex.org/W3037850663","https://openalex.org/W3039072316","https://openalex.org/W3042114636","https://openalex.org/W3045984998","https://openalex.org/W3088352144","https://openalex.org/W3089905796","https://openalex.org/W3093031973","https://openalex.org/W3095376491","https://openalex.org/W3097301690","https://openalex.org/W3097590906","https://openalex.org/W3098835531","https://openalex.org/W3101890897","https://openalex.org/W3109024864","https://openalex.org/W3113675954","https://openalex.org/W3116061509","https://openalex.org/W3118516682","https://openalex.org/W3120079110","https://openalex.org/W3121309663","https://openalex.org/W3131645232","https://openalex.org/W3168293258","https://openalex.org/W3181164542","https://openalex.org/W4205094172","https://openalex.org/W4239712174","https://openalex.org/W4288079542","https://openalex.org/W4389068544","https://openalex.org/W4394672066","https://openalex.org/W6622171900","https://openalex.org/W6633381991","https://openalex.org/W6739182473","https://openalex.org/W6758071916","https://openalex.org/W6779212135","https://openalex.org/W6858501508","https://openalex.org/W6948207360","https://openalex.org/W6967001734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081379046","https://openalex.org/W2100028027","https://openalex.org/W4310502242","https://openalex.org/W4304145139","https://openalex.org/W3198351040","https://openalex.org/W3106787879","https://openalex.org/W4380224983","https://openalex.org/W3134802290","https://openalex.org/W2994676997","https://openalex.org/W4321198019"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"media":[1,19],"platforms":[2,20],"such":[3],"as":[4],"Facebook,":[5],"Instagram,":[6],"and":[7,28,59,68,92,95,157],"Twitter":[8],"are":[9,21,45,138],"an":[10,113],"inevitable":[11],"part":[12],"of":[13,31,38,41,72,76,85,149,168,174],"our":[14],"daily":[15],"lives.":[16],"These":[17],"social":[18],"effective":[22,114,131],"tools":[23],"for":[24,48,102,119],"disseminating":[25],"news,":[26],"photos,":[27],"other":[29],"types":[30],"information.":[32,53],"In":[33,125],"addition":[34],"to":[35,80,88,99,111,164,184],"the":[36,39,83,89,121,166,169,187],"positives":[37],"convenience":[40],"these":[42],"platforms,":[43],"they":[44],"often":[46],"used":[47],"propagating":[49],"malicious":[50],"data":[51],"or":[52],"This":[54],"misinformation":[55,77,86,122,132],"may":[56,97],"misguide":[57],"users":[58],"even":[60],"have":[61],"dangerous":[62],"impact":[63],"on":[64],"society\u2019s":[65],"culture,":[66],"economics,":[67],"healthcare.":[69],"The":[70,135,178],"propagation":[71],"this":[73,126],"enormous":[74],"amount":[75],"is":[78,109,145],"difficult":[79],"counter.":[81],"Hence,":[82],"spread":[84],"related":[87],"COVID-19":[90],"pandemic,":[91],"its":[93],"treatment":[94],"vaccination":[96],"lead":[98],"severe":[100],"challenges":[101],"each":[103],"country\u2019s":[104],"frontline":[105],"workers.":[106],"Therefore,":[107],"it":[108],"essential":[110],"build":[112],"machine-learning":[115],"(ML)":[116],"misinformation-detection":[117],"model":[118],"identifying":[120],"regarding":[123],"COVID-19.":[124],"paper,":[127],"we":[128],"propose":[129],"three":[130],"detection":[133],"models.":[134],"proposed":[136,170,179],"models":[137,171,180],"long":[139],"short-term":[140],"memory":[141],"(LSTM)":[142],"networks,":[143],"which":[144],"a":[146,151],"special":[147],"type":[148],"RNN;":[150],"multichannel":[152],"convolutional":[153],"neural":[154],"network":[155],"(MC-CNN);":[156],"k-nearest":[158],"neighbors":[159],"(KNN).":[160],"Simulations":[161],"were":[162],"conducted":[163],"evaluate":[165],"performance":[167],"in":[172],"terms":[173],"various":[175],"evaluation":[176],"metrics.":[177],"obtained":[181],"superior":[182],"results":[183],"those":[185],"from":[186],"literature.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}