{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196039543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13080215","title":"Two-Layer Reversible Data Hiding for VQ-Compressed Images Based on De-Clustering and Indicator-Free Search-Order Coding","display_name":"Two-Layer Reversible Data Hiding for VQ-Compressed Images Based on De-Clustering and Indicator-Free Search-Order Coding","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196039543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13080215","mag":"3196039543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13080215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13080215","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/8/215/pdf?version=1629455058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/8/215/pdf?version=1629455058","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038550838","display_name":"Chin\u2010Chen Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7319-5780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin-Chen Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7319-5780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040591312","display_name":"Jui-Feng Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jui-Feng Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080901315","display_name":"Wei-Jiun Kao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Jiun Kao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041867293","display_name":"Ji-Hwei Horng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2134-5257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16590763","display_name":"National Quemoy University","ror":"https://ror.org/0370v7d46","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16590763"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ji-Hwei Horng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 89250, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2134-5257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 89250, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16590763"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041867293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16590763"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.2909,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5598683,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"8","first_page":"215","last_page":"215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8662208318710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.8266446590423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-quantization","display_name":"Vector quantization","score":0.6945337653160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6243212223052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.46163296699523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4608584940433502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-compression","display_name":"Image compression","score":0.45560377836227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.45434045791625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.433388888835907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-transmission","display_name":"Data transmission","score":0.4228546619415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.37321993708610535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36501118540763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.32004547119140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.26263993978500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.12841525673866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0899668037891388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8662208318710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.8266446590423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199833920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612536","display_name":"Vector quantization","level":2,"score":0.6945337653160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6243212223052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.46163296699523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4608584940433502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13481523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412438","display_name":"Image compression","level":4,"score":0.45560377836227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.45434045791625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.433388888835907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.4228546619415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37321993708610535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36501118540763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32004547119140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.26263993978500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.12841525673866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0899668037891388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13080215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13080215","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/8/215/pdf?version=1629455058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:13:y:2021:i:8:p:215-:d:618256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/8/215/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:88a44a613de94bacb235f90550f8dbe4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/88a44a613de94bacb235f90550f8dbe4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 13, Iss 8, p 215 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/13/8/215/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13080215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 13; Issue 8; Pages: 215","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13080215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13080215","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/8/215/pdf?version=1629455058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3006338300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 110-2221-E-507-003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196039543.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998919543","https://openalex.org/W2029971622","https://openalex.org/W2044534332","https://openalex.org/W2071360144","https://openalex.org/W2074208018","https://openalex.org/W2081735439","https://openalex.org/W2095816870","https://openalex.org/W2106697646","https://openalex.org/W2134383396","https://openalex.org/W2140196014","https://openalex.org/W2155285666","https://openalex.org/W2158143420","https://openalex.org/W2158320630","https://openalex.org/W2168782982","https://openalex.org/W2329994430","https://openalex.org/W2427856682","https://openalex.org/W2775913155","https://openalex.org/W2887053471","https://openalex.org/W2901437339","https://openalex.org/W2913399920","https://openalex.org/W2930064221","https://openalex.org/W2939850829","https://openalex.org/W3016440541","https://openalex.org/W3049526112","https://openalex.org/W3107531076","https://openalex.org/W3112425583","https://openalex.org/W3133494752","https://openalex.org/W3137083045","https://openalex.org/W4244017338"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961958512","https://openalex.org/W2134487303","https://openalex.org/W2143890175","https://openalex.org/W2170236946","https://openalex.org/W2118208173","https://openalex.org/W2145270096","https://openalex.org/W2094714038","https://openalex.org/W4310608238","https://openalex.org/W2530088410","https://openalex.org/W2740911833"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"transmission":[1],"of":[2,24,30,95],"digital":[3],"images,":[4],"secret":[5,40,96],"messages":[6],"can":[7,16,90],"be":[8],"embedded":[9],"using":[10],"data":[11,41,82,97],"hiding":[12,83],"techniques.":[13],"Such":[14],"techniques":[15],"transfer":[17],"private":[18],"secrets":[19],"without":[20],"drawing":[21],"the":[22,28,55,59,78],"attention":[23],"eavesdroppers.":[25],"To":[26],"reduce":[27],"amount":[29,94],"transmitted":[31],"data,":[32],"image":[33],"compression":[34],"methods":[35,100],"are":[36],"widely":[37],"applied.":[38],"Hiding":[39],"in":[42],"compressed":[43,72],"images":[44],"is":[45],"a":[46,92,102],"hot":[47],"issue":[48],"recently.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"we":[53],"apply":[54],"de-clustering":[56],"concept":[57],"and":[58,107],"indicator-free":[60],"search-order":[61],"coding":[62],"(IFSOC)":[63],"technique":[64],"to":[65],"hide":[66,91],"information":[67],"into":[68],"vector":[69],"quantization":[70],"(VQ)":[71],"images.":[73],"Experimental":[74],"results":[75],"show":[76],"that":[77],"proposed":[79],"two-layer":[80],"reversible":[81],"scheme":[84],"for":[85],"IFSOC-encoded":[86],"VQ":[87],"index":[88],"table":[89],"large":[93],"among":[98],"state-of-the-art":[99],"with":[101],"relatively":[103],"lower":[104],"bit":[105],"rate":[106],"high":[108],"security.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}