{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3140753276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13040094","title":"Privacy Preserving Machine Learning with Homomorphic Encryption and Federated Learning","display_name":"Privacy Preserving Machine Learning with Homomorphic Encryption and Federated Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3140753276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13040094","mag":"3140753276"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13040094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13040094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/4/94/pdf?version=1617941301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/4/94/pdf?version=1617941301","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047901220","display_name":"Haokun Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haokun Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering & Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering & Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084189341","display_name":"Quan Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-005X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Quan Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China","School of Computer Engineering & Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering & Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084189341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":31.1383,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":411,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99780441,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"94","last_page":"94"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.9459624290466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8980060815811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7475475668907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4796919524669647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paillier-cryptosystem","display_name":"Paillier cryptosystem","score":0.45550537109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4441494047641754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4129721522331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3837527334690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.351225882768631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.337360680103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.22853124141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09906944632530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-cryptosystem","display_name":"Hybrid cryptosystem","score":0.0969395637512207}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.9459624290466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8980060815811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7475475668907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4796919524669647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66989864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q594646","display_name":"Paillier cryptosystem","level":5,"score":0.45550537109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4441494047641754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4129721522331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3837527334690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.351225882768631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.337360680103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.22853124141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09906944632530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73468433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639918","display_name":"Hybrid cryptosystem","level":4,"score":0.0969395637512207}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13040094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13040094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/4/94/pdf?version=1617941301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:13:y:2021:i:4:p:94-:d:531973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/4/94/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d3c463937dbe41f6adac75d1d5756dbf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d3c463937dbe41f6adac75d1d5756dbf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 94 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/13/4/94/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13040094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 13; Issue 4; Pages: 94","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13040094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13040094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/4/94/pdf?version=1617941301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7588879000","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB0704400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3140753276.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3140753276.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W150223756","https://openalex.org/W162878246","https://openalex.org/W1562767160","https://openalex.org/W1969805974","https://openalex.org/W2027595342","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2053637704","https://openalex.org/W2071347401","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2094233035","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2132737349","https://openalex.org/W2137351756","https://openalex.org/W2156030242","https://openalex.org/W2162390675","https://openalex.org/W2168231600","https://openalex.org/W2335835108","https://openalex.org/W2406452102","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2521757593","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2579247884","https://openalex.org/W2591729754","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2767970885","https://openalex.org/W2795097198","https://openalex.org/W2897230576","https://openalex.org/W2900120080","https://openalex.org/W2904190483","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2913570153","https://openalex.org/W2914853145","https://openalex.org/W2924921501","https://openalex.org/W2951467122","https://openalex.org/W2951532778","https://openalex.org/W2963318081","https://openalex.org/W2970606380","https://openalex.org/W2977072935","https://openalex.org/W2984242138","https://openalex.org/W2995191368","https://openalex.org/W3043303805","https://openalex.org/W3047327820","https://openalex.org/W3088309363","https://openalex.org/W3088313917","https://openalex.org/W3105797690","https://openalex.org/W4205228770","https://openalex.org/W4248164615","https://openalex.org/W6606067566","https://openalex.org/W6606624519","https://openalex.org/W6679393576","https://openalex.org/W6683722107","https://openalex.org/W6684859321","https://openalex.org/W6714210867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386820853","https://openalex.org/W4390887375","https://openalex.org/W2094069016","https://openalex.org/W4212859770","https://openalex.org/W1484081998","https://openalex.org/W3036675567","https://openalex.org/W2955273252","https://openalex.org/W2518050971","https://openalex.org/W1507098372","https://openalex.org/W2092515448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Privacy":[0],"protection":[1],"has":[2,58],"been":[3],"an":[4,79],"important":[5],"concern":[6],"with":[7],"the":[8,45,53,60,64,71,87,97,112],"great":[9],"success":[10],"of":[11,74,102],"machine":[12,23],"learning.":[13,35],"In":[14],"this":[15],"paper,":[16],"it":[17],"proposes":[18],"a":[19],"multi-party":[20],"privacy":[21],"preserving":[22],"learning":[24,41,98,103],"framework,":[25],"named":[26],"PFMLP,":[27],"based":[28],"on":[29,93],"partially":[30],"homomorphic":[31,49,75],"encryption":[32,94],"and":[33,63],"federated":[34],"The":[36],"core":[37],"idea":[38],"is":[39,66],"all":[40],"parties":[42],"just":[43],"transmitting":[44],"encrypted":[46],"gradients":[47],"by":[48,56,89],"encryption.":[50],"From":[51],"experiments,":[52],"model":[54],"trained":[55],"PFMLP":[57],"almost":[59],"same":[61],"accuracy,":[62],"deviation":[65],"less":[67],"than":[68],"1%.":[69],"Considering":[70],"computational":[72],"overhead":[73],"encryption,":[76],"we":[77],"use":[78],"improved":[80],"Paillier":[81],"algorithm":[82],"which":[83],"can":[84],"speed":[85],"up":[86],"training":[88],"25\u201328%.":[90],"Moreover,":[91],"comparisons":[92],"key":[95],"length,":[96],"network":[99],"structure,":[100],"number":[101],"clients,":[104],"etc.":[105],"are":[106],"also":[107],"discussed":[108],"in":[109,111],"detail":[110],"paper.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":138},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}