{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3119705197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13010013","title":"Knowledge-Graph-Based Drug Repositioning against COVID-19 by Graph Convolutional Network with Attention Mechanism","display_name":"Knowledge-Graph-Based Drug Repositioning against COVID-19 by Graph Convolutional Network with Attention Mechanism","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3119705197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13010013","mag":"3119705197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13010013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13010013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/1/13/pdf?version=1609994333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/1/13/pdf?version=1609994333","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063101061","display_name":"Mingxuan Che","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092944","display_name":"Dalian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2ypp58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxuan Che","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039641210","display_name":"Kui Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0830-3906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Intelligent Computing, Ministry of Education, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0830-3906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Intelligent Computing, Ministry of Education, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008461757","display_name":"Chao Che","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2978-5430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Che","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Intelligent Computing, Ministry of Education, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Intelligent Computing, Ministry of Education, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024615210","display_name":"Zhangwei Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092944","display_name":"Dalian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2ypp58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangwei Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010583563","display_name":"Fanchen Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6639-6677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092944","display_name":"Dalian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2ypp58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fanchen Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008461757"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":4.8699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95481253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"13","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7295175194740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7035806775093079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.6587492227554321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-repositioning","display_name":"Drug repositioning","score":0.6154286861419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-graph","display_name":"Knowledge graph","score":0.4931127727031708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug","display_name":"Drug","score":0.4386792778968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4284265339374542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.3658371567726135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.364969402551651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2442072033882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2030656933784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.14384427666664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacology","display_name":"Pharmacology","score":0.1125025749206543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7295175194740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7035806775093079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.6587492227554321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103637391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308921","display_name":"Drug repositioning","level":3,"score":0.6154286861419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.4931127727031708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.4386792778968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4284265339374542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3658371567726135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.364969402551651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2442072033882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2030656933784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.14384427666664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.1125025749206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13010013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13010013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/1/13/pdf?version=1609994333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:13:y:2021:i:1:p:13-:d:476018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/1/13/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:035dea19934145659dfc39792a050511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/035dea19934145659dfc39792a050511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 13, Iss 1, p 13 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/13/1/13/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13010013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet; Volume 13; Issue 1; Pages: 13","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi13010013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13010013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/1/13/pdf?version=1609994333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2536601108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-ZD-0569","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323086","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6849065958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323086","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3119705197.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998898494","https://openalex.org/W2002708055","https://openalex.org/W2018518196","https://openalex.org/W2019543926","https://openalex.org/W2029348196","https://openalex.org/W2053717624","https://openalex.org/W2063280109","https://openalex.org/W2123060905","https://openalex.org/W2127069089","https://openalex.org/W2145578524","https://openalex.org/W2161607603","https://openalex.org/W2165125496","https://openalex.org/W2227583040","https://openalex.org/W2256553158","https://openalex.org/W2336207313","https://openalex.org/W2569650726","https://openalex.org/W2605952223","https://openalex.org/W2753953057","https://openalex.org/W2770261575","https://openalex.org/W2776484474","https://openalex.org/W2887766329","https://openalex.org/W2905315292","https://openalex.org/W2950885851","https://openalex.org/W2952522777","https://openalex.org/W2966787092","https://openalex.org/W3006419170","https://openalex.org/W3008142620","https://openalex.org/W3009345594","https://openalex.org/W3012506024","https://openalex.org/W3014078373","https://openalex.org/W3017621074","https://openalex.org/W3021338900","https://openalex.org/W3038010422","https://openalex.org/W3043498388","https://openalex.org/W3044806259","https://openalex.org/W4206245015","https://openalex.org/W6774598152","https://openalex.org/W6775554457"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281673370","https://openalex.org/W4206422705","https://openalex.org/W2886266969","https://openalex.org/W4366527864","https://openalex.org/W4287114073","https://openalex.org/W2903687253","https://openalex.org/W2399140686","https://openalex.org/W1980001478","https://openalex.org/W3166711969","https://openalex.org/W2054026175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,152,195],"current":[1],"global":[2],"crisis":[3],"caused":[4],"by":[5,143,186],"COVID-19":[6,75,87,98],"almost":[7],"halted":[8],"normal":[9,209],"life":[10],"in":[11,192],"most":[12],"parts":[13],"of":[14,32,86,97,99,160,171],"the":[15,19,72,79,91,95,100,128,132,141,165,177,187,200],"world.":[16],"Due":[17],"to":[18,59,90,124],"long":[20],"development":[21],"cycle":[22],"for":[23,35,41,64,146,173,181,207],"new":[24],"drugs,":[25],"drug":[26,56,178],"repositioning":[27,57,179],"becomes":[28],"an":[29],"effective":[30,191],"method":[31,58],"screening":[33],"drugs":[34,40,63,145,184],"COVID-19.":[36,65,151,212],"To":[37],"find":[38],"suitable":[39],"COVID-19,":[42,182],"we":[43],"add":[44],"COVID-19-related":[45],"information":[46,73,96],"into":[47],"our":[48],"medical":[49],"knowledge":[50,92,101,129],"graph":[51,102,130],"and":[52,83,105,131,150,162,211],"utilize":[53],"a":[54,106],"knowledge-graph-based":[55],"screen":[60],"potential":[61],"therapeutic":[62],"Specific":[66],"steps":[67],"are":[68,88],"as":[69],"follows.":[70],"Firstly,":[71],"about":[74],"is":[76,103,119,122],"collected":[77],"from":[78,127],"latest":[80],"published":[81],"literature,":[82],"gene":[84],"targets":[85],"added":[89],"graph.":[93],"Then,":[94],"extracted":[104],"drug\u2013disease":[107,204],"interaction":[108,205],"prediction":[109,133],"model":[110,142,153,201],"based":[111],"on":[112],"Graph":[113],"Convolutional":[114],"Network":[115],"with":[116],"Attention":[117],"(Att-GCN)":[118],"established.":[120],"Att-GCN":[121],"used":[123],"extract":[125],"features":[126],"matrix":[134,137],"reconstructed":[135],"through":[136],"operation.":[138],"We":[139],"evaluate":[140],"predicting":[144],"both":[147,208],"ordinary":[148,174],"diseases":[149,210],"can":[154,202],"achieve":[155],"area":[156,163,168],"under":[157,164],"curve":[158,169],"(AUC)":[159],"0.954":[161],"precise":[166],"recall":[167],"(AUPR)":[170],"0.851":[172],"diseases.":[175],"On":[176],"experiment":[180],"five":[183],"predicted":[185],"models":[188],"have":[189],"proved":[190],"clinical":[193],"treatment.":[194],"experimental":[196],"results":[197],"confirm":[198],"that":[199],"predict":[203],"effectively":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2021-01-18T00:00:00"}