{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3020538747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12040076","title":"Exploring the Dominance of the English Language on the Websites of EU Countries","display_name":"Exploring the Dominance of the English Language on the Websites of EU Countries","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3020538747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12040076","mag":"3020538747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi12040076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12040076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/12/4/76/pdf?version=1587978429","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/12/4/76/pdf?version=1587978429","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091038720","display_name":"\u0391\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0456-2217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Giannakoulopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029317631","display_name":"Minas Pergantis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1316-5448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minas Pergantis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078371872","display_name":"Nikos Konstantinou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-3636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikos Konstantinou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019208311","display_name":"Aristeidis Lamprogeorgos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7748-7254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aristeidis Lamprogeorgos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066021973","display_name":"Laida Limniati","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laida Limniati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Interactive Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Interactive Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056484904","display_name":"Iraklis Varlamis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0876-8167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32762134","display_name":"Harokopio University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5gp281","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32762134"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iraklis Varlamis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telematics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 Eleftheriou Venizelou Str., 17676 Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telematics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 Eleftheriou Venizelou Str., 17676 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32762134"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029317631","https://openalex.org/A5091038720"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":6.4832,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96581149,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"76","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14006","display_name":"Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14006","display_name":"Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13976","display_name":"Web visibility and informetrics","score":0.9592000246047974,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12542","display_name":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.9456999897956848,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.73661208152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.6081030368804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.525416374206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-language","display_name":"First language","score":0.48185455799102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4107398986816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3979082703590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39701640605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2480286955833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.23140165209770203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.12346029281616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"International trade","score":0.10270926356315613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.73661208152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.6081030368804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.525416374206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.48185455799102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4107398986816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3979082703590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39701640605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2480286955833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.23140165209770203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.12346029281616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.10270926356315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi12040076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12040076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/12/4/76/pdf?version=1587978429","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:12:y:2020:i:4:p:76-:d:349013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/12/4/76/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3e5601372994d6e9bbfcdfa0995a989","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3e5601372994d6e9bbfcdfa0995a989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 12, Iss 4, p 76 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/12/4/76/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12040076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi12040076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12040076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/12/4/76/pdf?version=1587978429","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3020538747.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3020538747.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197669098","https://openalex.org/W621598795","https://openalex.org/W1507053760","https://openalex.org/W1580262084","https://openalex.org/W1767272795","https://openalex.org/W1970307180","https://openalex.org/W2014860044","https://openalex.org/W2028555733","https://openalex.org/W2029060917","https://openalex.org/W2034670778","https://openalex.org/W2127174308","https://openalex.org/W2134745579","https://openalex.org/W2151325978","https://openalex.org/W2187428037","https://openalex.org/W2759188901","https://openalex.org/W2799986583","https://openalex.org/W2886599162","https://openalex.org/W2947398132","https://openalex.org/W2960633889","https://openalex.org/W4205979723","https://openalex.org/W4230891990","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4302373713","https://openalex.org/W6686889551","https://openalex.org/W6755587607","https://openalex.org/W6806604227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986135937","https://openalex.org/W789406587","https://openalex.org/W2953720018","https://openalex.org/W4232369027","https://openalex.org/W4206921429","https://openalex.org/W4226213459","https://openalex.org/W2044693617","https://openalex.org/W4281693238","https://openalex.org/W4236199021","https://openalex.org/W1611512594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,41],"English":[1,67,136,156,174,189,269,300],"language":[2,7,48,68,137,190,228,247,318],"is":[3,34,125,128,147,191,209,230,241,258],"the":[4,9,29,32,45,63,66,70,76,88,110,120,132,135,139,148,153,159,171,181,184,188,212,222,226,245,266,275,309,315,320,335,338,342],"most":[5],"dominant":[6],"in":[8,18,49,57,69,119,138,144,158,211,232,248,270,299,301,308,319,341],"Western":[10],"world":[11],"and":[12,73,99,104,108,166,217,265,274,329],"its":[13],"influence":[14],"can":[15],"be":[16],"noticed":[17],"every":[19,117],"aspect":[20],"of":[21,31,47,51,65,75,84,87,97,134,155,161,173,183,198,201,215,235,252,268,317,322,345],"human":[22],"communication.":[23],"It\u2019s":[24],"increasing":[25],"diffusion,":[26],"especially":[27],"since":[28],"turn":[30],"century,":[33],"hard":[35],"to":[36,59,130,295,303,334],"measure":[37],"with":[38],"conventional":[39],"means.":[40],"present":[42],"research":[43,185],"studies":[44],"use":[46],"websites":[50,98,115,160,200,273],"European":[52,77,89,140],"Union":[53],"(EU)":[54],"member":[55,164,205,262,281,347],"states,":[56],"order":[58,302],"collect":[60],"data":[61,328],"about":[62,337],"prevalence":[64],"different":[71],"countries":[72,165,293],"regions":[74],"Union.":[78],"To":[79],"achieve":[80],"a":[81,94,100,122,233,249,261,280,305],"realistic":[82],"representation":[83],"today\u2019s":[85],"landscape":[86],"Web,":[90],"this":[91,325],"study":[92,150,326],"uses":[93],"vast":[95,213],"population":[96,264],"representative":[101],"sampling":[102],"size":[103],"methodology.":[105],"By":[106],"analyzing":[107],"processing":[109],"findings":[111],"from":[112,116],"over":[113,244],"100,000":[114],"country":[118],"EU,":[121],"solid":[123],"foundation":[124],"set":[126],"that":[127,151,187,229,291],"used":[129],"explore":[131],"dominance":[133],"World":[141],"Wide":[142],"Web":[143],"general.":[145],"This":[146],"first":[149],"examines":[152],"presence":[154,307],"content":[157,175,298],"all":[162,199],"EU":[163,204,346],"provides":[167,327],"statistical":[168],"evidence":[169],"regarding":[170],"ratio":[172],"availability":[176,267],"for":[177,279],"each":[178],"country.":[179],"Conclusively,":[180],"results":[182],"demonstrate":[186],"available":[192,210,231],"on":[193],"more":[194,297],"than":[195],"one":[196],"quarter":[197],"non-English":[202],"speaking":[203],"states.":[206,348],"Moreover,":[207],"it":[208,240],"majority":[214],"multilingual":[216],"bilingual":[218],"websites,":[219],"while":[220],"at":[221],"same":[223,276],"time":[224],"being":[225],"only":[227],"number":[234,251],"monolingual":[236],"websites.":[237],"In":[238],"addition,":[239],"shown":[242],"preference":[243],"national":[246,323,343],"significant":[250],"cases.":[253],"A":[254],"moderate":[255],"negative":[256],"correlation":[257],"found":[259],"between":[260],"state\u2019s":[263,282],"these":[271,288],"countries\u2019":[272],"holds":[277],"true":[278],"Gross":[283],"Domestic":[284],"Product":[285],"(GDP).":[286],"Both":[287],"correlations":[289],"indicate":[290],"smaller":[292],"tend":[294],"provide":[296],"establish":[304],"stronger":[306],"international":[310],"environment.":[311],"Taking":[312],"into":[313],"account":[314],"role":[316],"expression":[321],"identity,":[324],"insights":[330],"which":[331],"may":[332],"contribute":[333],"discussion":[336],"changes":[339],"underway":[340],"identity":[344]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2020-05-01T00:00:00"}