{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2908274295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11010008","title":"An Agent Based Model to Analyze the Bitcoin Mining Activity and a Comparison with the Gold Mining Industry","display_name":"An Agent Based Model to Analyze the Bitcoin Mining Activity and a Comparison with the Gold Mining Industry","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2908274295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11010008","mag":"2908274295"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi11010008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11010008","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/11/1/8/pdf?version=1546417809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/11/1/8/pdf?version=1546417809","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087692087","display_name":"Luisanna Cocco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5055-9166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luisanna Cocco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076859372","display_name":"Roberto Tonelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9090-7698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Tonelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073485643","display_name":"Michele Marchesi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3745-4324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Marchesi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087692087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":7.3981,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97124861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"8","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8003932237625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.7187016010284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluid-ounce","display_name":"Fluid ounce (US)","score":0.596895158290863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5509747266769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.44105058908462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-market","display_name":"Financial market","score":0.434813529253006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-analysis","display_name":"Technical analysis","score":0.43371278047561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36000680923461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1541104018688202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.13647952675819397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8003932237625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.7187016010284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87374668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420266","display_name":"Fluid ounce (US)","level":2,"score":0.596895158290863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5509747266769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44105058908462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19244329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208697","display_name":"Financial market","level":2,"score":0.434813529253006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117245426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235038","display_name":"Technical analysis","level":2,"score":0.43371278047561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36000680923461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1541104018688202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.13647952675819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi11010008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11010008","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/11/1/8/pdf?version=1546417809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:11:y:2019:i:1:p:8-:d:194404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/11/1/8/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e73a8123bb4d4993a8eeea6d46036251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e73a8123bb4d4993a8eeea6d46036251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 11, Iss 1, p 8 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/263588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/11/1/8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-5903/11/1/8/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11010008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi11010008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11010008","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/11/1/8/pdf?version=1546417809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1395634317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2007/2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3848063861","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2007-2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315324","display_name":"Fondazione di Sardegna","ror":"https://ror.org/02sryfh37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2908274295.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2908274295.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1611740117","https://openalex.org/W2111612986","https://openalex.org/W2112581929","https://openalex.org/W2135869163","https://openalex.org/W2345425201","https://openalex.org/W2562075359","https://openalex.org/W2729546405","https://openalex.org/W2765391845","https://openalex.org/W2963010231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2414384158","https://openalex.org/W3029042095","https://openalex.org/W4253009700","https://openalex.org/W1595298391","https://openalex.org/W822845993","https://openalex.org/W4250255987","https://openalex.org/W4238208160","https://openalex.org/W4366832486","https://openalex.org/W2590812466","https://openalex.org/W4285319367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,97],"this":[1,98],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4,64],"an":[5,65,74,79],"analysis":[6,19,43,66,158],"of":[7,11,58,67,76,93,109,123],"the":[8,35,59,68,85,91,103,107,112,133,152,160],"mining":[9,87,95],"process":[10,88],"two":[12],"popular":[13],"assets,":[14],"Bitcoin":[15,86,94,104],"and":[16,51,78,89,129,137,141],"gold.":[17,41],"The":[18],"highlights":[20],"that":[21,32,45,57],"Bitcoin,":[22],"more":[23],"specifically":[24],"its":[25],"underlying":[26],"technology,":[27],"is":[28],"a":[29,49,116,121,156],"\u201csafe":[30],"haven\u201d":[31],"allows":[33],"facing":[34],"modern":[36],"environmental":[37],"challenges":[38],"better":[39],"than":[40,56],"Our":[42],"emphasizes":[44],"crypto-currencies":[46],"systems":[47],"have":[48],"social":[50],"economic":[52],"impact":[53],"much":[54],"smaller":[55],"traditional":[60],"financial":[61],"systems.":[62],"We":[63],"several":[69],"stages":[70],"needed":[71],"to":[72,125,151],"produce":[73],"ounce":[75],"gold":[77],"artificial":[80],"agent-based":[81],"market":[82,99,134],"model":[83],"simulating":[84],"allowing":[90],"quantification":[92],"costs.":[96],"model,":[100],"miners":[101],"validate":[102],"transactions":[105],"using":[106],"proof":[108],"work":[110],"as":[111],"consensus":[113],"mechanism,":[114],"get":[115],"reward":[117],"in":[118,132],"Bitcoins,":[119],"sell":[120],"fraction":[122],"them":[124],"cover":[126],"their":[127,143,148],"expenses,":[128],"stay":[130],"competitive":[131],"by":[135,145,155],"buying":[136],"divesting":[138],"hardware":[139],"units":[140],"adjusting":[142],"expenses":[144],"turning":[146],"off/on":[147],"machines":[149],"according":[150],"signals":[153],"provided":[154],"technical":[157],"indicator,":[159],"so-called":[161],"relative":[162],"strength":[163],"index.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
