{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2171872837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e9010001","title":"A Utility-Based Approach to Some Information Measures","display_name":"A Utility-Based Approach to Some Information Measures","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2171872837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e9010001","mag":"2171872837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e9010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e9010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/9/1/1/pdf?version=1424784630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/9/1/1/pdf?version=1424784630","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059045268","display_name":"Craig A. Friedman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107489","display_name":"American Standard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013b0rk29","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Craig Friedman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Standard & Poor\u2019s, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA","Standard & Poor's, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Standard & Poor\u2019s, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Standard & Poor's, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083978281","display_name":"Jinggang Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107489","display_name":"American Standard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013b0rk29","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinggang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Standard & Poor\u2019s, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA","Standard & Poor's, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Standard & Poor\u2019s, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Standard & Poor's, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107489"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018137734","display_name":"Sven Sandow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107489","display_name":"American Standard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013b0rk29","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sven Sandow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Standard & Poor\u2019s, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA","Standard & Poor's, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Standard & Poor\u2019s, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Standard & Poor's, 55 Water Street, 46th Floor, New York, NY 10041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107489"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059045268"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107489"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.1102,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87638191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12261","display_name":"Statistical Mechanics and Entropy","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12261","display_name":"Statistical Mechanics and Entropy","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11413","display_name":"Risk and Portfolio Optimization","score":0.9611999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9296000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kullback\u2013leibler-divergence","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","score":0.73715740442276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.6463398933410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.49522891640663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-entropy-function","display_name":"Binary entropy function","score":0.4552307724952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-law-of-thermodynamics","display_name":"Second law of thermodynamics","score":0.44324690103530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-relative-entropy","display_name":"Generalized relative entropy","score":0.4337301254272461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-diagram","display_name":"Information diagram","score":0.428140252828598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"Information theory","score":0.41019734740257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principle-of-maximum-entropy","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","score":0.3998178243637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3760286271572113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.37108010053634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.36564600467681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.351398229598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.3342975676059723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-entropy-thermodynamics","display_name":"Maximum entropy thermodynamics","score":0.2685028910636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.1509595513343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14245101809501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10782051086425781}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.73715740442276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.6463398933410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.49522891640663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44415725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913893","display_name":"Binary entropy function","level":3,"score":0.4552307724952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119820323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177045","display_name":"Second law of thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.44324690103530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5084201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17090689","display_name":"Generalized relative entropy","level":5,"score":0.4337301254272461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67935508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17078448","display_name":"Information diagram","level":5,"score":0.428140252828598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.41019734740257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.3998178243637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3760286271572113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.37108010053634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.36564600467681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.351398229598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3342975676059723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49775889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795896","display_name":"Maximum entropy thermodynamics","level":4,"score":0.2685028910636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.1509595513343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14245101809501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10782051086425781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139356082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269038","display_name":"Quantum discord","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e9010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e9010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/9/1/1/pdf?version=1424784630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.127.750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.127.750","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.org/entropy/papers/e9010001.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0ba483e8bbf44827a09ff0f4be604708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0ba483e8bbf44827a09ff0f4be604708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-26 (2007)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e9010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e9010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/9/1/1/pdf?version=1424784630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2171872837.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2171872837.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24143670","https://openalex.org/W638747377","https://openalex.org/W1516900628","https://openalex.org/W1519367553","https://openalex.org/W1590693676","https://openalex.org/W1973458764","https://openalex.org/W1983874169","https://openalex.org/W1994172163","https://openalex.org/W1994935701","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2032558547","https://openalex.org/W2045527538","https://openalex.org/W2049304633","https://openalex.org/W2050352677","https://openalex.org/W2063663915","https://openalex.org/W2072060617","https://openalex.org/W2076537505","https://openalex.org/W2098612888","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2130926302","https://openalex.org/W2137661890","https://openalex.org/W2157112198","https://openalex.org/W2171137708","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2542563163","https://openalex.org/W3105728159","https://openalex.org/W3121175796","https://openalex.org/W3121311172","https://openalex.org/W3122439425","https://openalex.org/W3125719959","https://openalex.org/W3126045489","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4294115096","https://openalex.org/W6620537803","https://openalex.org/W6662519621","https://openalex.org/W6680690934"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2189660299","https://openalex.org/W2604511775","https://openalex.org/W4287669442","https://openalex.org/W3084241614","https://openalex.org/W3127489136","https://openalex.org/W2951464937","https://openalex.org/W4366816696","https://openalex.org/W2121748538","https://openalex.org/W2269674514","https://openalex.org/W2171872837"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,25,37],"review":[1],"a":[2,98],"decision":[3],"theoretic,":[4],"i.e.,":[5],"utility-based,":[6],"motivation":[7],"for":[8],"entropy":[9,49],"and":[10,19,58],"Kullback-Leibler":[11],"relative":[12,78],"entropy,":[13,51],"the":[14,40,46,54,59,93],"natural":[15],"generalizations":[16],"that":[17,39],"follow,":[18],"various":[20],"properties":[21,47],"of":[22,45,48,62,76,82,100],"thesegeneralized":[23],"quantities.":[24],"then":[26],"consider":[27],"these":[28],"generalized":[29],"quantities":[30],"in":[31,74,97],"an":[32,65],"easily":[33],"interpreted":[34],"spe-cial":[35],"case.":[36],"show":[38],"resulting":[41],"quantities,":[42],"share":[43],"many":[44],"andrelative":[50],"such":[52],"as":[53],"data":[55],"processing":[56],"inequality":[57],"second":[60],"law":[61],"thermodynamics.We":[63],"formulate":[64],"important":[66],"statistical":[67],"learning":[68],"problem":[69,84],"\u2013":[70,73],"probability":[71],"estimation":[72],"terms":[75],"ageneralized":[77],"entropy.":[79],"The":[80],"solution":[81,94],"this":[83],"reflects":[85],"general":[86],"risk":[87],"preferences":[88],"via":[89],"theutility":[90],"function;":[91],"moreover,":[92],"is":[95],"optimal":[96],"sense":[99],"robust":[101],"absolute":[102],"performance.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}