{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2001327201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e5050417","title":"Droplet Size Distribution in Sprays Based on Maximization of Entropy Generation","display_name":"Droplet Size Distribution in Sprays Based on Maximization of Entropy Generation","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2001327201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e5050417","mag":"2001327201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e5050417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e5050417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/5/5/417/pdf?version=1424784626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/5/5/417/pdf?version=1424784626","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101795785","display_name":"Xianguo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2430-0641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianguo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079805785","display_name":"Meishen Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meishen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101795785"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14043778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"5","first_page":"417","last_page":"431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12350","display_name":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12350","display_name":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10553","display_name":"Combustion and flame dynamics","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12261","display_name":"Statistical Mechanics and Entropy","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nozzle","display_name":"Nozzle","score":0.6995756030082703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breakup","display_name":"Breakup","score":0.6974507570266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.5594021677970886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5308759212493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.5024383068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.46512529253959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.4067605137825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2812112867832184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56200935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250840","display_name":"Nozzle","level":2,"score":0.6995756030082703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777871205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100926628","display_name":"Breakup","level":2,"score":0.6974507570266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5594021677970886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5308759212493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.5024383068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.46512529253959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.4067605137825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2812112867832184}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e5050417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e5050417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/5/5/417/pdf?version=1424784626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.362.676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.362.676","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/5/5/417/pdf/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:57f8bf3413064ef290d95009fef1bc67","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/57f8bf3413064ef290d95009fef1bc67","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 5, Iss 5, Pp 417-431 (2003)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/5/5/417/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e5050417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 5; Issue 5; Pages: 417-431","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e5050417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e5050417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/5/5/417/pdf?version=1424784626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2001327201.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2001327201.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966874646","https://openalex.org/W1968236615","https://openalex.org/W1975777811","https://openalex.org/W1987719001","https://openalex.org/W2105521207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2352892738","https://openalex.org/W2350945386","https://openalex.org/W1978976512","https://openalex.org/W2253256329","https://openalex.org/W2762157816","https://openalex.org/W2902826102","https://openalex.org/W2082183064","https://openalex.org/W3007282748","https://openalex.org/W30785620","https://openalex.org/W2180033908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,82],"maximum":[1],"entropy":[2,75],"principle":[3],"(MEP),":[4],"which":[5],"has":[6,62],"been":[7,63],"popular":[8],"in":[9,18,28,127],"the":[10,32,43,58,67,72,78,88,96,114,122],"modeling":[11],"of":[12,74],"droplet":[13,59,124],"size":[14,60,91,125],"and":[15,38,46,107],"velocity":[16],"distribution":[17,61,92,126],"sprays,":[19],"is,":[20],"strictly":[21],"speaking,":[22],"only":[23],"applicable":[24],"for":[25,57,93],"isolated":[26],"systems":[27],"thermodynamic":[29],"equilibrium;":[30],"whereas":[31],"spray":[33],"formation":[34],"processes":[35],"are":[36],"irreversible":[37],"non-isolated":[39],"with":[40,87],"interaction":[41],"between":[42],"atomizing":[44],"liquid":[45,79,97],"its":[47],"surrounding":[48],"gas":[49,110],"medium.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"study,":[53],"a":[54,108],"new":[55],"model":[56,83,116],"developed":[64],"based":[65],"on":[66],"thermodynamically":[68],"consistent":[69],"concept":[70],"-":[71],"maximization":[73],"generation":[76],"during":[77],"atomization":[80],"process.":[81],"prediction":[84],"compares":[85],"favorably":[86],"experimentally":[89],"measured":[90],"droplets,":[94],"near":[95],"bulk":[98],"breakup":[99],"region,":[100],"produced":[101],"by":[102],"an":[103],"air-blast":[104],"annular":[105],"nozzle":[106],"practical":[109],"turbine":[111],"nozzle.":[112],"Therefore,":[113],"present":[115],"can":[117],"be":[118],"used":[119],"to":[120],"predict":[121],"initial":[123],"sprays.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
